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Federated learning models are collaboratively developed upon valuable training data owned by multiple parties. During the development and deployment of federated models, they are exposed to risks including illegal copying, re-distribution,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Bowen Li , Lixin Fan , Hanlin Gu , Jie Li , Qiang Yang

Deep learning has become a breathtaking technology in the last years, overcoming traditional handcrafted approaches and even humans for many different tasks. However, in some tasks, such as the verification of handwritten signatures, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Ruben Tolosana , Ruben Vera-Rodriguez , Julian Fierrez , Javier Ortega-Garcia

Watermarking is one of the most important copyright protection tools for digital media. The most challenging type of watermarking is the imperceptible one, which embeds identifying information in the data while retaining the latter's…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Natan Semyonov , Rami Puzis , Asaf Shabtai , Gilad Katz

As a valuable digital product, deep neural networks (DNNs) face increasingly severe threats to the intellectual property, making it necessary to develop effective technical measures to protect them. Trigger-based watermarking methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Chaoyue Huang , Gejian Zhao , Hanzhou Wu , Zhihua Xia , Asad Malik

With the widespread deployment of deep neural network (DNN) models, dynamic watermarking techniques are being used to protect the intellectual property of model owners. However, recent studies have shown that existing watermarking schemes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Brian Choi , Shu Wang , Isabelle Choi , Kun Sun

Machine learning (ML) models are applied in an increasing variety of domains. The availability of large amounts of data and computational resources encourages the development of ever more complex and valuable models. These models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Franziska Boenisch

Digital image watermarking is the process of embedding and extracting a watermark covertly on a cover-image. To dynamically adapt image watermarking algorithms, deep learning-based image watermarking schemes have attracted increased…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Xin Zhong , Pei-Chi Huang , Spyridon Mastorakis , Frank Y. Shih

Due to the proliferation and widespread use of deep neural networks (DNN), their Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection has become increasingly important. This paper presents a novel model watermarking method for an unsupervised…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Dongdong Lin , Benedetta Tondi , Bin Li , Mauro Barni

Intellectual property (IP) protection for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has raised serious concerns in recent years. Most existing works embed watermarks in the DNN model for IP protection, which need to modify the model and lack of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Mingfu Xue , Xin Wang , Yinghao Wu , Shifeng Ni , Yushu Zhang , Weiqiang Liu

Nowadays, deep neural networks are used for solving complex tasks in several critical applications and protecting both their integrity and intellectual property rights (IPR) has become of utmost importance. To this end, we advance WaterMAS,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Carl De Sousa Trias , Mihai Mitrea , Attilio Fiandrotti , Marco Cagnazzo , Sumanta Chaudhuri , Enzo Tartaglione

The advancement of secure communication and identity verification fields has significantly increased through the use of deep learning techniques for data hiding. By embedding information into a noise-tolerant signal such as audio, video, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Zihan Wang , Olivia Byrnes , Hu Wang , Ruoxi Sun , Congbo Ma , Huaming Chen , Qi Wu , Minhui Xue

Protecting the Intellectual Property rights of DNN models is of primary importance prior to their deployment. So far, the proposed methods either necessitate changes to internal model parameters or the machine learning pipeline, or they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Kassem Kallas , Teddy Furon

Deep neural networks (DNN) have achieved remarkable performance in various fields. However, training a DNN model from scratch requires a lot of computing resources and training data. It is difficult for most individual users to obtain such…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Haoqi Wang , Mingfu Xue , Shichang Sun , Yushu Zhang , Jian Wang , Weiqiang Liu

Backdoor watermarking is a promising paradigm to protect the copyright of deep neural network (DNN) models. In the existing works on this subject, researchers have intensively focused on watermarking robustness, while the concept of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Guang Hua , Andrew Beng Jin Teoh

Due to the wide use of highly-valuable and large-scale deep neural networks (DNNs), it becomes crucial to protect the intellectual property of DNNs so that the ownership of disputed or stolen DNNs can be verified. Most existing solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Peizhuo Lv , Pan Li , Shengzhi Zhang , Kai Chen , Ruigang Liang , Yue Zhao , Yingjiu Li

Natural language generation (NLG) applications have gained great popularity due to the powerful deep learning techniques and large training corpus. The deployed NLG models may be stolen or used without authorization, while watermarking has…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Tao Xiang , Chunlong Xie , Shangwei Guo , Jiwei Li , Tianwei Zhang

Recently, numerous highly-valuable Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been trained using deep learning algorithms. To protect the Intellectual Property (IP) of the original owners over such DNN models, backdoor-based watermarks have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Peizhuo Lv , Hualong Ma , Kai Chen , Jiachen Zhou , Shengzhi Zhang , Ruigang Liang , Shenchen Zhu , Pan Li , Yingjun Zhang

The intellectual property of deep neural network (DNN) models can be protected with DNN watermarking, which embeds copyright watermarks into model parameters (white-box), model behavior (black-box), or model outputs (box-free), and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Haonan An , Guang Hua , Yu Guo , Hangcheng Cao , Susanto Rahardja , Yuguang Fang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have become invaluable intellectual property in graph-based machine learning. However, their vulnerability to model stealing attacks when deployed within Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) necessitates robust…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Venkata Sai Pranav Bachina , Ankit Gangwal , Aaryan Ajay Sharma , Charu Sharma

With the increasing prevalence of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) platforms, there is a growing focus on deep neural network (DNN) watermarking techniques. These methods are used to facilitate the verification of ownership for a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Yuxuan Li , Sarthak Kumar Maharana , Yunhui Guo