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Machine Learning (ML) models, such as deep neural networks, are widely applied in autonomous systems to perform complex perception tasks. New dependability challenges arise when ML predictions are used in safety-critical applications, like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Raul Sena Ferreira , Joris Guérin , Kevin Delmas , Jérémie Guiochet , Hélène Waeselynck

Nowadays, there are outstanding strides towards a future with autonomous vehicles on our roads. While the perception of autonomous vehicles performs well under closed-set conditions, they still struggle to handle the unexpected. This survey…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Daniel Bogdoll , Maximilian Nitsche , J. Marius Zöllner

The core obstacle towards a large-scale deployment of autonomous vehicles currently lies in the long tail of rare events. These are extremely challenging since they do not occur often in the utilized training data for deep neural networks.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Daniel Bogdoll , Stefani Guneshka , J. Marius Zöllner

Open-world perception aims to develop a model adaptable to novel domains and various sensor configurations and can understand uncommon objects and corner cases. However, current research lacks sufficiently comprehensive open-world 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhongyu Xia , Jishuo Li , Zhiwei Lin , Xinhao Wang , Yongtao Wang , Ming-Hsuan Yang

In recent years there have been remarkable advancements in autonomous driving. While autonomous vehicles demonstrate high performance in closed-set conditions, they encounter difficulties when confronted with unexpected situations. At the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Daniel Bogdoll , Lukas Bosch , Tim Joseph , Helen Gremmelmaier , Yitian Yang , J. Marius Zöllner

Contemporary deep-learning object detection methods for autonomous driving usually assume prefixed categories of common traffic participants, such as pedestrians and cars. Most existing detectors are unable to detect uncommon objects and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Kaican Li , Kai Chen , Haoyu Wang , Lanqing Hong , Chaoqiang Ye , Jianhua Han , Yukuai Chen , Wei Zhang , Chunjing Xu , Dit-Yan Yeung , Xiaodan Liang , Zhenguo Li , Hang Xu

Previous works on object detection have achieved high accuracy in closed-set scenarios, but their performance in open-world scenarios is not satisfactory. One of the challenging open-world problems is corner case detection in autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Lixing Xiao , Ruixiao Shi , Xiaoyang Tang , Yi Zhou

Autonomous vehicles need safe development and testing environments. Many traffic scenarios are such that they cannot be tested in the real world. We see hybrid photorealistic simulation as a viable tool for developing AI (artificial…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Jussi Hanhirova , Anton Debner , Matias Hyyppä , Vesa Hirvisalo

Validating the safety of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) operating in open-ended, dynamic environments is challenging as vehicles will eventually encounter safety-critical situations for which there is not representative training data. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Enrik Maci , Rhys Howard , Lars Kunze

With the widespread adoption and deployment of autonomous driving, handling complex environments has become an unavoidable challenge. Due to the scarcity and diversity of extreme scenario datasets, current autonomous driving models struggle…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Haibo Hu , Jiacheng Zuo , Yang Lou , Yufei Cui , Jianping Wang , Nan Guan , Jin Wang , Yung-Hui Li , Chun Jason Xue

Autonomous Systems (AS) are increasingly proposed, or used, in Safety Critical (SC) applications. Many such systems make use of sophisticated sensor suites and processing to provide scene understanding which informs the AS' decision-making.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-19 John Molloy , John McDermid

Scenario-based approaches for the validation of highly automated driving functions are based on the search for safety-critical characteristics of driving scenarios using software-in-the-loop simulations. This search requires information…

Perception systems, especially cameras, are the eyes of automated driving systems. Ensuring that they function reliably and robustly is therefore an important building block in the automation of vehicles. There are various approaches to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Philipp Rigoll , Laurenz Adolph , Lennart Ries , Eric Sax

Movement specific vehicle classification and counting at traffic intersections is a crucial component for various traffic management activities. In this context, with recent advancements in computer-vision based techniques, cameras have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-18 Udita Jana , Jyoti Prakash Das Karmakar , Pranamesh Chakraborty , Tingting Huang , Dave Ness , Duane Ritcher , Anuj Sharma

One of the main paths towards the reduction of traffic accidents is the increase in vehicle safety through driver assistance systems or even systems with a complete level of autonomy. In these types of systems, tasks such as obstacle…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Felipe Manfio Barbosa , Fernando Santos Osório

As wireless networks evolve towards high mobility and providing better support for connected vehicles, a number of new challenges arise due to the resulting high dynamics in vehicular environments and thus motive rethinking of traditional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Le Liang , Hao Ye , Geoffrey Ye Li

Highly automated driving requires precise models of traffic participants. Many state of the art models are currently based on machine learning techniques. Among others, the required amount of labeled data is one major challenge. An…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Maarten Bieshaar , Günther Reitberger , Viktor Kreß , Stefan Zernetsch , Konrad Doll , Erich Fuchs , Bernhard Sick

Current end-to-end deep learning driving models have two problems: (1) Poor generalization ability of unobserved driving environment when diversity of training driving dataset is limited (2) Lack of accident explanation ability when driving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-01 Zhihao Li , Toshiyuki Motoyoshi , Kazuma Sasaki , Tetsuya Ogata , Shigeki Sugano

Autonomous vehicles rely on their perception systems to acquire information about their immediate surroundings. It is necessary to detect the presence of other vehicles, pedestrians and other relevant entities. Safety concerns and the need…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-15 You Li , Javier Ibanez-Guzman

Automation systems are increasingly being used in dynamic and various operating conditions. With higher flexibility demands, they need to promptly respond to surrounding dynamic changes by adapting their operation. Context information…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Nada Sahlab , Nasser Jazdi , Michael Weyrich