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Related papers: Weisfeiler--Leman and Graph Spectra

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Graph is an abstract representation commonly used to model networked systems and structure. In problems across various fields, including computer vision and pattern recognition, and neuroscience, graphs are often brought into comparison (a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-04 Quoc Van Tran , Hyo-Sung Ahn

The work in this thesis concerns the investigation of eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix, normalized Laplacian matrix, signless Laplacian matrix and distance signless Laplacian matrix of graphs. In Chapter 1, we present a brief…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-21 Bilal A. Rather

Let $n$ be any positive integer and let $F_n$ be the friendship (or Dutch windmill) graph with $2n+1$ vertices and $3n$ edges. Here we study graphs with the same adjacency spectrum as the $F_n$. Two graphs are called cospectral if the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-23 Alireza Abdollahi , Shahrooz Janbaz , Mohammad Reza Oboudi

Current GNN architectures use a vertex neighborhood aggregation scheme, which limits their discriminative power to that of the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) graph isomorphism test. Here, we propose a novel graph convolution operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Clemens Damke , Vitalik Melnikov , Eyke Hüllermeier

Homomorphism indistinguishability is a way of characterising many natural equivalence relations on graphs. Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are called homomorphism indistinguishable over a graph class $\mathcal{F}$ if for each $F \in \mathcal{F}$,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Tim Seppelt , Gian Luca Spitzer

This paper presents the Persistent Weisfeiler-Lehman Random walk scheme (abbreviated as PWLR) for graph representations, a novel mathematical framework which produces a collection of explainable low-dimensional representations of graphs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Sun Woo Park , Yun Young Choi , Dosang Joe , U Jin Choi , Youngho Woo

Recently, the Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) graph isomorphism test was used to measure the expressive power of graph neural networks (GNN). It was shown that the popular message passing GNN cannot distinguish between graphs that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Haggai Maron , Heli Ben-Hamu , Hadar Serviansky , Yaron Lipman

The main goal of the paper is to characterize new classes of multicone graphs which are determined by both adjacency and Laplacian spectra. A multicone graph is defined to be the join of a clique and a regular graph. A wheel graph obtained…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-03-02 Ali Zeydi Abdian

The $k$-Weisfeiler-Leman ($k$-WL) graph isomorphism test hierarchy is a common method for assessing the expressive power of graph neural networks (GNNs). Recently, GNNs whose expressive power is equivalent to the $2$-WL test were proven to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Snir Hordan , Tal Amir , Nadav Dym

We use the line digraph construction to associate an orthogonal matrix with each graph. From this orthogonal matrix, we derive two further matrices. The spectrum of each of these three matrices is considered as a graph invariant. For the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 David Emms , Edwin R. Hancock , Simone Severini , Richard C. Wilson

We investigate when a complete graph $K_n$ with some edges deleted is determined by its adjacency spectrum. It is shown to be the case if the deleted edges form a matching, a complete graph $K_m$ provided $m \leq n-2$, or a complete…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-11-27 Marc Cámara , Willem H. Haemers

In this paper, we propose algorithms for the graph isomorphism (GI) problem that are based on the eigendecompositions of the adjacency matrices. The eigenvalues of isomorphic graphs are identical. However, two graphs $ G_A $ and $ G_B $ can…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2019-08-14 Stefan Klus , Tuhin Sahai

This paper presents a new graph isomorphism invariant, called $\mathfrak{w}$-labeling, that can be used to design a polynomial-time algorithm for solving the graph isomorphism problem for various graph classes. For example, all…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Alpár Jüttner , Péter Madarasi

In this paper we study two classes of graphs, the (m,k)-stars and l-dependent graphs, investigating the relation between spectrum characteristics and graph structure: conditions on the topology and edge weights are given in order to get…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-01-09 Eleonora Andreotti , Armando Bazzani , Daniel Remondini , Graziano Servizi

Spectral features are widely incorporated within Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to improve their expressive power, or their ability to distinguish among non-isomorphic graphs. One popular example is the usage of graph Laplacian eigenvectors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Snir Hordan , Maya Bechler-Speicher , Gur Lifshitz , Nadav Dym

The graph isomorphism problem is a main problem which has numerous applications in different fields. Thus, finding an efficient and easy to implement method to discriminate non-isomorphic graphs is valuable. In this paper, a new method is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-11-08 Ameneh Farhadian

The invariance to permutations of the adjacency matrix, i.e., graph isomorphism, is an overarching requirement for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Conventionally, this prerequisite can be satisfied by the invariant operations over node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Zhongyu Huang , Yingheng Wang , Chaozhuo Li , Huiguang He

It is shown that an undirected graph $G$ is cospectral with the Hermitian adjacency matrix of a mixed graph $D$ obtained from a subgraph $H$ of $G$ by orienting some of its edges if and only if $H=G$ and $D$ is obtained from $G$ by a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-14 Bojan Mohar

We show that feasibility of the $t^\text{th}$ level of the Lasserre semidefinite programming hierarchy for graph isomorphism can be expressed as a homomorphism indistinguishability relation. In other words, we define a class $\mathcal{L}_t$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-09-11 David E. Roberson , Tim Seppelt

The classical Weisfeiler-Lehman method WL[2] uses edge colors to produce a powerful graph invariant. It is at least as powerful in its ability to distinguish non-isomorphic graphs as the most prominent algebraic graph invariants. It…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-04-05 Martin Fürer