Related papers: Compendium solar spectrum formation
Supernova flux and polarization spectra bring vital information on the geometry, physical conditions, and composition structure of the ejected matter. For some supernovae the circumstellar matter is also probed by the observed spectra. Some…
Aspects of our Solar System's formation are deduced from observations of the chemical nature of matter. Massive cores are indicative of terrestrial-planet-composition-similarity to enstatite chondrite meteorites, whose highly-reduced state…
Observations of the Sun and of Sun-like stars provide access to different aspects of stellar magnetic activity that, when combined, help us piece together a more comprehensive picture than can be achieved from only the solar or the stellar…
Existence of different types of interference in the spectrum of radiation emitted by a doubly hard scattered electron is demonstrated. The spectrum develops oscillations in two regions: the hard, where the oscillations depend on the…
The complex planetary synchronization structure of the solar system, which since Pythagoras of Samos (ca. 570-495 BC) is known as the music of the spheres, is briefly reviewed from the Renaissance up to contemporary research. Copernicus'…
Atmospheric neutrinos produced by cosmic-ray interactions around the globe provide a beam for the study of neutrino properties. They are also a background in searches for neutrinos of astrophysical origin. Both aspects are addressed in this…
Recent work has revealed an phenomenological picture of the how the $\sim$11-year sunspot cycle of Sun arises. The production and destruction of sunspots is a consequence of the latitudinal-temporal overlap and interaction of the toroidal…
Multiple systems play an important role in the evolution of star clusters. First we discuss several formation mechanisms which depend on the presence of binaries, either primordial or of dynamical origin. Hierarchical configurations are…
Transmission spectroscopy during planetary transits is expected to be a major source of information on the atmospheres of small (approximately Earth-sized) exoplanets in the next two decades. This technique, however, is intrinsically…
The first evidence of the gamma-ray emission from the quiescent Sun was found in the archival EGRET data that was later confirmed by Fermi-LAT observations with high significance. This emission is produced by Galactic cosmic rays (CRs)…
Extreme precision radial-velocity spectrometers enable extreme precision stellar spectroscopy. Searches for low-mass exoplanets around solar-type stars are limited by the physical variability in stellar spectra, such as the short-term…
Star formation is intimately linked to the dynamical evolution of molecular clouds. Turbulent fragmentation determines where and when protostellar cores form, and how they contract and grow in mass via accretion from the surrounding cloud…
Much effort has been invested in recent years, both observationally and theoretically, to understand the interacting processes taking place in planetary systems consisting of a hot Jupiter orbiting its star within 10 stellar radii. Several…
This review provides an introduction to the generation and evolution of the Sun's magnetic field, summarising both observational evidence and theoretical models. The eleven year solar cycle, which is well known from a variety of observed…
Since various structural components of planetary nebulae manifest themselves differently, a combination of optical, infrared, submm, and radio techniques is needed to derive a complete picture of planetary nebulae. The effects of projection…
Recent advances in observational performance and numerical simulations have revolutionised our understanding of the solar chromosphere. This concerns in particular the structure and dynamics on small spatial and temporal scales. As a…
The spherically symmetric, static spacetime generated by a cross-flow of non-interacting null dust streams can be conveniently interpreted as the radiation atmosphere of a star, which also receives exterior radiation. Formally, such a…
Identification of the mechanisms responsible for heating the solar chromosphere and corona remains an outstanding problem, one of great relevance to late-type stars as well. There has been tremendous progress in the past decade, largely…
Orbital resonances are ubiquitous in the Solar system. They play a decisive role in the long term dynamics, and in some cases the physical evolution, of the planets and of their natural satellites, as well as the evolution of small bodies…
We provide an introduction to complex photonic media, that is, composite materials with spatial inhomogeneities that are distributed over length scales comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of light. This blossoming field is firmly…