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Deploying deep neural networks on edge devices requires balancing accuracy, latency, and resource constraints under realistic execution conditions. To fit models within these constraints, two broad strategies have emerged: static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Nekane Fernandez , Ivan Valdes , Steven Van Vaerenbergh , Idoia de la Iglesia , Julen Arratibel

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have grown increasingly large in size to achieve state of the art performance across a wide range of tasks. However, their high computational requirements make them less suitable for resource-constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Divya Jyoti Bajpai , Manjesh Kumar Hanawal

Early exits enable the network's forward pass to terminate early by attaching trainable internal classifiers to the backbone network. Existing early-exit methods typically adopt either a joint training approach, where the backbone and exit…

We introduce a two-dimensional (2D) early exit strategy that coordinates layer-wise and sentence-wise exiting for classification tasks in large language models. By processing input incrementally sentence-by-sentence while progressively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jan Hůla , David Adamczyk , Tomáš Filip , Martin Pavlíček , Petr Sosík

Deep Learning is becoming increasingly relevant in Embedded and Internet-of-things applications. However, deploying models on embedded devices poses a challenge due to their resource limitations. This can impact the model's inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Max Sponner , Lorenzo Servadei , Bernd Waschneck , Robert Wille , Akash Kumar

Early-exit neural networks enable adaptive inference by allowing predictions at intermediate layers, reducing computational cost. However, early exits often lack interpretability and may focus on different features than deeper layers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yanhua Zhao

In this paper, we propose Patience-based Early Exit, a straightforward yet effective inference method that can be used as a plug-and-play technique to simultaneously improve the efficiency and robustness of a pretrained language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Wangchunshu Zhou , Canwen Xu , Tao Ge , Julian McAuley , Ke Xu , Furu Wei

Although deep neural networks and in particular Convolutional Neural Networks have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in image classification with relatively high efficiency, they still exhibit high computational costs, often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Martial Guidez , Stefan Duffner , Yannick Alpou , Oscar Röth , Christophe Garcia

Large Language Models (LLMs) enable various applications on edge devices such as smartphones, wearables, and embodied robots. However, their deployment often depends on expensive cloud-based APIs, creating high operational costs, which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yeshwanth Venkatesha , Souvik Kundu , Priyadarshini Panda

Experience of live video streaming can be improved if future available bandwidth can be predicted more accurately at the video uploader side. Thus follows a natural question which is how to make predictions both easily and precisely in an…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Weijia Zheng

Deploying large language model inference remains challenging due to their high computational overhead. Early exit optimizes model inference by adaptively reducing the number of inference layers. Current methods typically train internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lianming Huang , Shangyu Wu , Yufei Cui , Ying Xiong , Haibo Hu , Xue Liu , Tei-Wei Kuo , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong planning and decision-making capabilities in complex embodied environments. However, such agents often suffer from inefficiencies in multi-turn interactions, frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Qingyu Lu , Liang Ding , Siyi Cao , Xuebo Liu , Kanjian Zhang , Jinxia Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Ensuring the safety and efficiency of AI systems is a central goal of modern research. Formal verification provides guarantees of neural network robustness, while early exits improve inference efficiency by enabling intermediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Yizhak Yisrael Elboher , Avraham Raviv , Amihay Elboher , Zhouxing Shi , Omri Azencot , Hillel Kugler , Guy Katz

Early Classification of Time Series (ECTS) addresses decision-making problems in which predictions must be made as early as possible while maintaining high accuracy. Most existing ECTS methods assume that the time-dependent decision costs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Aurélien Renault , Alexis Bondu , Antoine Cornuéjols , Vincent Lemaire

Semantic segmentation arises as the backbone of many vision systems, spanning from self-driving cars and robot navigation to augmented reality and teleconferencing. Frequently operating under stringent latency constraints within a limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Alexandros Kouris , Stylianos I. Venieris , Stefanos Laskaridis , Nicholas D. Lane

Increasing resolution and coverage of astrophysical and climate data necessitates increasingly sophisticated models, often pushing the limits of computational feasibility. While emulation methods can reduce calculation costs, the neural…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-25 Tara P. A. Tahseen , Luís F. Simões , Kai Hou Yip , Nikolaos Nikolaou , João M. Mendonça , Ingo P. Waldmann

Early-exit neural networks reduce inference cost by enabling confident predictions at intermediate layers. However, joint training often leads to gradient interference, with deeper classifiers dominating optimization. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Saad Mokssit , Ouassim Karrakchou , Alejandro Mousist , Mounir Ghogho

Emergence in machine learning refers to the spontaneous appearance of complex behaviors or capabilities that arise from the scale and structure of training data and model architectures, despite not being explicitly programmed. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Johnny Jingze Li , Vivek Kurien George , Gabriel A. Silva

Different classes of safe reinforcement learning algorithms have shown satisfactory performance in various types of safety requirement scenarios. However, the existing methods mainly address one or several classes of specific safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Zepeng Wang , Chao Ma , Linjiang Zhou , Libing Wu , Lei Yang , Xiaochuan Shi , Guojun Peng

Today, artificial neural networks are the state of the art for solving a variety of complex tasks, especially in image classification. Such architectures consist of a sequence of stacked layers with the aim of extracting useful information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Simone Sarti , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci