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We present teraflop-scale calculations of biomolecular electrostatics enabled by the combination of algorithmic and hardware acceleration. The algorithmic acceleration is achieved with the fast multipole method (FMM) in conjunction with a…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2011-09-21 Rio Yokota , Jaydeep P. Bardhan , Matthew G. Knepley , L. A. Barba , Tsuyoshi Hamada

Electrostatics is of paramount importance to chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine. The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory is a primary model for electrostatic analysis. However, it is highly challenging to compute accurate PB electrostatic…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-12-20 Jiahui Chen , Yongjia Xu , Xin Yang , Zixuan Cang , Weihua Geng , Guo-Wei Wei

The structure and function of biological molecules are strongly influenced by the water and dissolved ions that surround them. This aqueous solution (solvent) exerts significant electrostatic forces in response to the biomolecule's…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-12-29 Matthew G. Knepley , Jaydeep P. Bardhan

The Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver (APBS) software was developed to solve the equations of continuum electrostatics for large biomolecular assemblages that has provided impact in the study of a broad range of chemical, biological, and…

The Poisson--Boltzmann equation is widely used to model electrostatics in molecular systems. Available software packages solve it using finite difference, finite element, and boundary element methods, where the latter is attractive due to…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 Michal Bosy , Matthew W. Scroggs , Timo Betcke , Erik Burman , Christopher D. Cooper

In computational biochemistry and biophysics, understanding the role of electrostatic interactions is crucial for elucidating the structure, dynamics, and function of biomolecules. The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation is a foundational tool…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-08 Yongxian Wu , Qiang Zhu , Ray Luo

The continuum theory applied to bimolecular electrostatics leads to an implicit-solvent model governed by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Solvers relying on a boundary integral representation typically do not consider features like…

Computational Physics · Physics 2013-11-08 Christopher D. Cooper , Jaydeep P. Bardhan , L. A. Barba

The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model governs the electrostatics of solvated biomolecules, i.e., potential, field, energy, and force. These quantities can provide useful information about protein properties, functions, and dynamics. By…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-29 Xin Yang , Elyssa Sliheet , Reece Iriye , Daniel Reynolds , Weihua Geng

The Poisson-Boltzmann model is an effective and popular approach for modeling solvated biomolecules in continuum solvent with dissolved electrolytes. In this paper, we report our recent work in developing a Galerkin boundary integral method…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-10-27 Jiahui Chen , Johannes Tausch , Weihua Geng

Electrostatic interactions play crucial roles in biophysical processes such as protein folding and molecular recognition. Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE)-based models have emerged as widely used in modeling these important processes.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2017-04-11 Ruxi Qi , Wesley M. Botello-Smith , Ray Luo

We present the open source distributed software package Poisson-Boltzmann Analytical Method (PB-AM), a fully analytical solution to the linearized Poisson Boltzmann equation, for molecules represented as non-overlapping spherical cavities.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2016-09-27 Lisa E. Feldberg , David H. Brookes , Eng-Hui Yap , Elizabeth Jurrus , Nathan Baker , Teresa Head-Gordon

An accurate force calculation with the Poisson-Boltzmann equation is challenging, as it requires the electric field on the molecular surface. Here, we present a calculation of the electric field on the solute-solvent interface that is exact…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-01-13 Ian Addison-Smith , Horacio V. Guzmán , Christopher D. Cooper

Developing accurate solvers for the Poisson Boltzmann (PB) model is the first step to make the PB model suitable for implicit solvent simulation. Reducing the grid size influence on the performance of the solver benefits to increasing the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-07-18 Bao Wang , Guowei Wei

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation offers an efficient way to study electrostatics in molecular settings. Its numerical solution with the boundary element method is widely used, as the complicated molecular surface is accurately represented by…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-08-25 Stefan D. Search , Christopher D. Cooper , Elwin van't Wout

It is well known that the number of particles should be scaled up to enable industrial scale simulation. The calculations are more computationally intensive when the motion of the surrounding fluid is considered. Besides the advances in…

Computational Physics · Physics 2014-07-28 Hao Zhang , F. Xavier Trias , Assensi Oliva , Dongmin Yang , Yuanqiang Tan , Shi Shu , Yong Sheng

The standard Poisson-Boltzmann model for molecular electrostatics assumes a sharp variation of the permittivity and salt concentration along the solute-solvent interface. The discontinuous field parameters are not only difficult…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Mauricio Guerrero-Montero , Michal Bosy , Christopher D. Cooper

Interactions between surfaces and proteins occur in many vital processes and are crucial in biotechnology: the ability to control specific interactions is essential in fields like biomaterials, biomedical implants and biosensors. In the…

Computational Physics · Physics 2016-04-20 Christopher D. Cooper , Lorena A. Barba

The Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) is a relevant partial differential equation commonly used in biophysical applications to estimate the electrostatic energy of biomolecular systems immersed in electrolytic solutions. A conventional mean…

The Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model is a widely used implicit solvent model in protein simulations. Although variants, such as the size modified PB and nonlocal modified PB models, have been developed to account for ionic size effects and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Dexuan Xie , Liam Jemison , Yi Jiang

Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model is one of the most popular implicit solvent models in biophysical modeling and computation. The ability of providing accurate and reliable PB estimation of electrostatic solvation free energy, $\Delta…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2016-06-10 Duc D. Nguyen , Bao Wang , Guo-wei Wei
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