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Advances in automated essay scoring (AES) have traditionally relied on labeled essays, requiring tremendous cost and expertise for their acquisition. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved great success in various tasks, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Sanwoo Lee , Yida Cai , Desong Meng , Ziyang Wang , Yunfang Wu

Evaluating student responses, from long essays to short factual answers, is a key challenge in educational NLP. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) focuses on holistic writing qualities such as coherence and argumentation, while Automatic Short…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tasfia Seuti , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

Software testing remains critical for ensuring reliability, yet traditional approaches are slow, costly, and prone to gaps in coverage. This paper presents an AI-driven framework that automates test case generation and validation using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Saba Naqvi , Mohammad Baqar

This study examines the effect of grammatical features in automatic essay scoring (AES). We use two kinds of grammatical features as input to an AES model: (1) grammatical items that writers used correctly in essays, and (2) the number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Kosuke Doi , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in Automated Essay Scoring (AES), but their zero-shot and few-shot performance often falls short compared to state-of-the-art models and human raters. However, fine-tuning LLMs for each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Seungju Kim , Meounggun Jo

Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML)-based systems are widely sought-after commercial solutions that can automate and augment core business services. Intelligent systems can improve the quality of services offered and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Akriti Chadda , Kelly Song , Raman Chandrasekar , Ian Gorton

The use of large pretrained neural networks to create contextualized word embeddings has drastically improved performance on several natural language processing (NLP) tasks. These computationally expensive models have begun to be applied to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Benjamin Clavié , Kobi Gal

Research on holistic Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is long-dated; yet, there is a notable lack of attention for assessing essays according to individual traits. In this work, we propose TRATES, a novel trait-specific and rubric-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sohaila Eltanbouly , Salam Albatarni , Tamer Elsayed

Assessing soft skills such as empathy, ethical judgment, and communication is essential in competitive selection processes, yet human scoring is often inconsistent and biased. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved Automated Essay…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ryan Huynh , Frank Guerin , Alison Callwood

Grammatical error detection and automated essay scoring are two tasks in the area of automated assessment. Traditionally these tasks have been treated independently with different machine learning models and features used for each task. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-23 Ronan Cummins , Marek Rei

Transformer-based language models are architecturally constrained to process text of a fixed maximum length. Essays written by higher-grade students frequently exceed the maximum allowed length for many popular open-source models. A common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Christopher Ormerod , Gitit Kehat

In automated essay scoring (AES), recent efforts have shifted toward cross-prompt settings that score essays on unseen prompts for practical applicability. However, prior methods trained with essay-score pairs of specific prompts pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Heejin Do , Taehee Park , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) faces significant challenges in cross-prompt settings, where models must generalize to unseen writing prompts. To address this limitation, we propose MAPLE, a meta-learning framework that leverages prototypical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Salam Albatarni , May Bashendy , Sohaila Eltanbouly , Tamer Elsayed

Automated text scoring (ATS) tasks, such as automated essay scoring and readability assessment, are important educational applications of natural language processing. Due to their interpretability of models and predictions, traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Hitoshi Manabe , Masato Hagiwara

Large language models (LLMs), renowned for their powerful conversational abilities, are widely recognized as exceptional tools in the field of education, particularly in the context of automated intelligent instruction systems for language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Kaiqi Fu , Linkai Peng , Nan Yang , Shuran Zhou

This paper studies interpretable and fair artificial intelligence architectures for understanding English reading. Introduced transformer-based models, integrating advanced attention mechanisms and gradient-based feature attribution. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ping Li

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) holds significant promise in the field of education, helping educators to mark larger volumes of essays and provide timely feedback. However, Arabic AES research has been limited by the lack of publicly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Rayed Ghazawi , Edwin Simpson

Automatic Speech Scoring (ASS) is the computer-assisted evaluation of a candidate's speaking proficiency in a language. ASS systems face many challenges like open grammar, variable pronunciations, and unstructured or semi-structured…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-07 Yaman Kumar Singla , Avykat Gupta , Shaurya Bagga , Changyou Chen , Balaji Krishnamurthy , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Despite the growing promise of large language models (LLMs) in automated essay scoring (AES), empirical findings regarding their reliability compared to human raters remain mixed. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we synthesized 65…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hongli Li , Che Han Chen , Kevin Fan , Chiho Young-Johnson , Soyoung Lim , Yali Feng

Automated short answer grading (ASAG) has gained attention in education as a means to scale educational tasks to the growing number of students. Recent progress in Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning has largely influenced the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Stefan Haller , Adina Aldea , Christin Seifert , Nicola Strisciuglio