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Noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices impose dual challenges on quantum circuit execution: limited qubit connectivity requires extensive SWAP-gate routing, while time-dependent decoherence progressively degrades quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Yifei Huang , Pascal Jahan Elahi , Ugo Varetto , Kan He , Jinchuan Hou , Shusen Liu

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices fail to produce outputs with sufficient fidelity for deep circuits with many gates today. Such devices suffer from read-out, multi-qubit gate and crosstalk noise combined with short…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-15 Ellis Wilson , Frank Mueller , Lindsay Bassman , Constin Iancu

As quantum technology matures, the efficient benchmarking of quantum devices remains a key challenge. Although sample-efficient, information-theoretic benchmarking techniques have recently been proposed, there is still a gap in adapting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-22 Ana Silva , Eliska Greplova

The effects of noise are one of the most important factors to consider when it comes to quantum computing in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing (NISQ) era that we are currently in. Therefore, it is important not only to gain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 T. Piskor , M. Schöndorf , M. Bauer , D. Smith , T. Ayral , S. Pogorzalek , A. Auer , M. Papič

Randomized benchmarking (RB) refers to a collection of protocols that in the past decade have become central methods for characterizing quantum gates. These protocols aim at efficiently estimating the quality of a set of quantum gates in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-20 Jonas Helsen , Ingo Roth , Emilio Onorati , Albert H. Werner , Jens Eisert

We construct a gate and time-independent noise model that results in the output of a logical randomized benchmarking protocol oscillating rather than decaying exponentially. To illustrate our idea, we first construct an example in standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Athena Ceasura , Pavithran Iyer , Joel J. Wallman , Hakop Pashayan

Quantum computers have the potential to outperform classical computers in a range of computational tasks, such as prime factorisation and unstructured searching. However, real-world quantum computers are subject to noise. Quantifying noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-01 Conrad Strydom , Mark Tame

Developing methods to accurately characterize and mitigate the impact of noise is crucial for enhancing the fidelity of quantum simulations on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. In this work, we present a circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-11 Ruizhe Shen , Tianqi Chen , Ching Hua Lee

Achieving near-term quantum advantage will require accurate estimation of quantum observables despite significant hardware noise. For this purpose, we propose a novel, scalable error-mitigation method that applies to gate-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-01 Piotr Czarnik , Andrew Arrasmith , Patrick J. Coles , Lukasz Cincio

We describe how randomized benchmarking can be used to reconstruct the unital part of any trace-preserving quantum map, which in turn is sufficient for the full characterization of any unitary evolution, or more generally, any unital…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-12 Shelby Kimmel , Marcus P. da Silva , Colm A. Ryan , Blake R. Johnson , Thomas Ohki

In order to enter the era of utility, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices need to enable long-range entanglement of large qubit chains. However, due to the limited connectivity of superconducting NISQ devices, long-range…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Jean-Baptiste Waring , Christophe Pere , Sebastien Le Beux

Recent work has explored using the stabilizer formalism to classically simulate quantum circuits containing a few non-Clifford gates. The computational cost of such methods is directly related to the notion of stabilizer rank, which for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Sergey Bravyi , Dan Browne , Padraic Calpin , Earl Campbell , David Gosset , Mark Howard

Growth in the complexity and capabilities of quantum information hardware mandates access to practical techniques for performance verification that function under realistic laboratory conditions. Here we experimentally characterise the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-02 S. Mavadia , C. L. Edmunds , C. Hempel , H. Ball , F. Roy , T. M. Stace , M. J. Biercuk

Numerous scientific developments in this NISQ-era (Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum) have raised the importance for quantum algorithms relative to their conventional counterparts due to its asymptotic advantage. For resource estimates in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-13 Amit Saha , Anupam Chattopadhyay , Amlan Chakrabarti

Characterizing the noise in the set of gate operations that form the building blocks of a quantum computational device is a necessity for assessing the quality of the device. Here, we introduce randomized linear gate set tomography, an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Yanwu Gu , Rajesh Mishra , Berthold-Georg Englert , Hui Khoon Ng

We propose a variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm that uses a fault-tolerant gate-set, and is hence suitable for implementation on a future error-corrected quantum computer. VQE quantum circuits are typically designed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-09 Hasan Sayginel , Francois Jamet , Abhishek Agarwal , Dan E. Browne , Ivan Rungger

We show that the Randomized Benchmarking (RB) protocol is a convolution amenable to Fourier space analysis. By adopting the mathematical framework of Fourier transforms of matrix-valued functions on groups established in recent work from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Seth T. Merkel , Emily J. Pritchett , Bryan H. Fong

Quantum computing has proven to be capable of accelerating many algorithms by performing tasks that classical computers cannot. Currently, Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) machines struggle from scalability and noise issues to render…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Chao Lu , Navnil Choudhury , Utsav Banerjee , Abdullah Ash Saki , Kanad Basu

If NISQ-era quantum computers are to perform useful tasks, they will need to employ powerful error mitigation techniques. Quasi-probability methods can permit perfect error compensation at the cost of additional circuit executions, provided…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-14 Armands Strikis , Dayue Qin , Yanzhu Chen , Simon C. Benjamin , Ying Li

A universal fault-tolerant quantum computer that can solve efficiently problems such as integer factorization and unstructured database search requires millions of qubits with low error rates and long coherence times. While the experimental…

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