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With the resurgence of interest in neural networks, representation learning has re-emerged as a central focus in artificial intelligence. Representation learning refers to the discovery of useful encodings of data that make domain-relevant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-19 Karl Ridgeway

Modality differences have led to the development of heterogeneous architectures for vision and language models. While images typically require 2D non-causal modeling, texts utilize 1D causal modeling. This distinction poses significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Chenxin Tao , Xizhou Zhu , Shiqian Su , Lewei Lu , Changyao Tian , Xuan Luo , Gao Huang , Hongsheng Li , Yu Qiao , Jie Zhou , Jifeng Dai

Causality analysis is an important problem lying at the heart of science, and is of particular importance in data science and machine learning. An endeavor during the past 16 years viewing causality as real physical notion so as to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-26 X. San Liang

In many fields of scientific research and real-world applications, unbiased estimation of causal effects from non-experimental data is crucial for understanding the mechanism underlying the data and for decision-making on effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Debo Cheng , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Jixue Liu , Thuc Duy Le

Causal representation learning (CRL) enhances machine learning models' robustness and generalizability by learning structural causal models associated with data-generating processes. We focus on a family of CRL methods that uses contrastive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-17 Xiusi Li , Sékou-Oumar Kaba , Siamak Ravanbakhsh

Causal interventions in language model representations have largely targeted discrete features, like grammatical number. However, language models must also make use of features that are graded. We introduce a method for causal intervention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhenghao Herbert Zhou , R. Thomas McCoy , Robert Frank

Predicting the effect of unseen interventions is a fundamental research question across the data sciences. It is well established that in general such questions cannot be answered definitively from observational data. This realization has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-27 Alexis Bellot

We propose a novel approach to disentangle the generative factors of variation underlying a given set of observations. Our method builds upon the idea that the (unknown) low-dimensional manifold underlying the data space can be explicitly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Marco Fumero , Luca Cosmo , Simone Melzi , Emanuele Rodolà

This paper deals with the problem of evaluating the causal effect using observational data in the presence of an unobserved exposure/ outcome variable, when cause-effect relationships between variables can be described as a directed acyclic…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-06-18 Manabu Kuroki , Zhihong Cai

Latent or unobserved phenomena pose a significant difficulty in data analysis as they induce complicated and confounding dependencies among a collection of observed variables. Factor analysis is a prominent multivariate statistical modeling…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-22 Armeen Taeb , Venkat Chandrasekaran

In social sciences and economics, causal inference traditionally focuses on assessing the impact of predefined treatments (or interventions) on predefined outcomes, such as the effect of education programs on earnings. Causal discovery, in…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-12 Martin Huber

In this study, we address causal inference when only observational data and a valid causal ordering from the causal graph are available. We introduce a set of flow models that can recover component-wise, invertible transformation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Minh Khoa Le , Kien Do , Truyen Tran

Causal effect identification considers whether an interventional probability distribution can be uniquely determined without parametric assumptions from measured source distributions and structural knowledge on the generating system. While…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-08-30 Santtu Tikka , Antti Hyttinen , Juha Karvanen

This thesis develops methods for causal inference and causal representation learning (CRL) in high-dimensional, time-varying data. The first contribution introduces the Causal Dynamic Variational Autoencoder (CDVAE), a model for estimating…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-05 Mouad EL Bouchattaoui

Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) has gained significant research interest in recent years due to its potential applications in real-world scenarios. However, existing VLN methods struggle with the issue of spurious associations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Liuyi Wang , Zongtao He , Ronghao Dang , Huiyi Chen , Chengju Liu , Qijun Chen

Causal learning tackles the computationally demanding task of estimating causal graphs. This paper introduces a new divide-and-conquer approach for causal graph learning, called DCILP. In the divide phase, the Markov blanket MB($X_i$) of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Shuyu Dong , Michèle Sebag , Kento Uemura , Akito Fujii , Shuang Chang , Yusuke Koyanagi , Koji Maruhashi

Causal inference has received great attention across different fields from economics, statistics, education, medicine, to machine learning. Within this area, inferring causal effects at individual level in observational studies has become…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-16 Thai Pham

As a useful and efficient alternative to generic model-based control scheme, data-driven predictive control is subject to bias-variance trade-off and is known to not perform desirably in face of uncertainty. Through the connection between…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-26 Malika Sader , Yibo Wang , Dexian Huang , Chao Shang , Biao Huang

To unbiasedly estimate a causal effect on an outcome unconfoundedness is often assumed. If there is sufficient knowledge on the underlying causal structure then existing confounder selection criteria can be used to select subsets of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-20 Jenny Häggström

Instrumental variable approaches have gained popularity for estimating causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounders. However, the availability of instrumental variables in the primary dataset is often challenged due to stringent…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Kang Shuai , Shanshan Luo , Wei Li , Yangbo He