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The Transformer model, initially achieving significant success in the field of natural language processing, has recently shown great potential in the application of tactile perception. This review aims to comprehensively outline the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Jing Gao , Ning Cheng , Bin Fang , Wenjuan Han

Transformers have had a significant impact on natural language processing and have recently demonstrated their potential in computer vision. They have shown promising results over convolution neural networks in fundamental computer vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Rojina Kashefi , Leili Barekatain , Mohammad Sabokrou , Fatemeh Aghaeipoor

Recent progress in natural language processing has been driven by advances in both model architecture and model pretraining. Transformer architectures have facilitated building higher-capacity models and pretraining has made it possible to…

The impact of Transformer-based language models has been unprecedented in Natural Language Processing (NLP). The success of such models has also led to their adoption in other fields including bioinformatics. Taking this into account, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Nimisha Ghosh , Daniele Santoni , Debaleena Nawn , Eleonora Ottaviani , Giovanni Felici

Large language models based on transformer architectures have become integral to state-of-the-art natural language processing applications. However, their training remains computationally expensive and exhibits instabilities, some of which…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Stanislav Budzinskiy , Wenyi Fang , Longbin Zeng , Philipp Petersen

A big convergence of model architectures across language, vision, speech, and multimodal is emerging. However, under the same name "Transformers", the above areas use different implementations for better performance, e.g., Post-LayerNorm…

Transformer architectures have revolutionized machine learning across a wide range of domains, from natural language processing to scientific computing. However, their growing deployment in high-stakes applications, such as computer vision,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Trishit Mondal , Ameya D. Jagtap

Vision language tasks, such as answering questions about or generating captions that describe an image, are difficult tasks for computers to perform. A relatively recent body of research has adapted the pretrained transformer architecture…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Clayton Fields , Casey Kennington

The Transformer architecture and transfer learning have marked a quantum leap in natural language processing, improving the state of the art across a range of text-based tasks. This paper examines how these advancements can be applied to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Pasquale Salza , Christoph Schwizer , Jian Gu , Harald C. Gall

With Artificial Intelligence (AI) increasingly permeating various aspects of society, including healthcare, the adoption of the Transformers neural network architecture is rapidly changing many applications. Transformer is a type of deep…

Narang et al. (2021) evaluated 40+ Transformer modifications at T5-base scale and concluded that most did not transfer. Five years later, the typical working regime has moved to 1-3B parameters, downstream evaluation has replaced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Yang Zhao , Jiahao Lu , Bin Huang , Guhua Zhang , Jie Zhou

A common use of machine translation in the industry is providing initial translation hypotheses, which are later supervised and post-edited by a human expert. During this revision process, new bilingual data are continuously generated.…

Much theoretical work has described the ability of transformers to represent formal languages. However, linking theoretical results to empirical performance is not straightforward due to the complex interplay between the architecture, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Anej Svete , Nadav Borenstein , Mike Zhou , Isabelle Augenstein , Ryan Cotterell

Natural language exhibits patterns of hierarchically governed dependencies, in which relations between words are sensitive to syntactic structure rather than linear ordering. While re-current network models often fail to generalize in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Jackson Petty , Robert Frank

The general translator formalism and computing specific implementations are proposed. The implementation of specific elements necessary to process the source and destination information within the translators are presented. Some common…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Iosif Iulian Petrila

Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Salman Khan , Muzammal Naseer , Munawar Hayat , Syed Waqas Zamir , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Mubarak Shah

The Transformer architecture has become prominent in developing large causal language models. However, mechanisms to explain its capabilities are not well understood. Focused on the training process, here we establish a meta-learning view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Xinbo Wu , Lav R. Varshney

Transformers have dominated the field of natural language processing, and recently impacted the computer vision area. In the field of medical image analysis, Transformers have also been successfully applied to full-stack clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-22 Kelei He , Chen Gan , Zhuoyuan Li , Islem Rekik , Zihao Yin , Wen Ji , Yang Gao , Qian Wang , Junfeng Zhang , Dinggang Shen

The transformers have achieved significant accomplishments in the natural language processing as its outstanding parallel processing capabilities and highly flexible attention mechanism. In addition, increasing studies based on transformers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Wei Lan , Guohang He , Mingyang Liu , Qingfeng Chen , Junyue Cao , Wei Peng

In recent times, Transformer-based language models are making quite an impact in the field of natural language processing. As relevant parallels can be drawn between biological sequences and natural languages, the models used in NLP can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Nimisha Ghosh , Daniele Santoni , Indrajit Saha , Giovanni Felici