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Quantum entanglement serves as a fundamental resource in quantum information theory. This paper presents a comprehensive framework of separability criteria for detecting bipartite and multipartite entanglements. We construct a novel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Linwei Li , Chunlin Yang , Hongmei Yao , Aimin Xu , Zhaobing Fan , Shao-Ming Fei

The Bloch sphere representation is a geometric model for all possible quantum states of a two-level system that can be used to describe the time dynamics of a qubit. As explicit application, we consider the time dynamics of a particle in a…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-10-31 Jonas Bley , Vieri Mattei , Simon Goorney , Jacob Sherson , Stefan Heusler

We study in detail the dynamics of unstable two-level quantum systems by adopting the Bloch-vector representation. We identify a novel class of critical scenarios in which the so-called energy-level and decay-width vectors, ${\bf E}$ and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-13 Dimitrios Karamitros , Thomas McKelvey , Snehit Panghal , Apostolos Pilaftsis

An arbitrarily dense discretisation of the Bloch sphere of complex Hilbert states is constructed, where points correspond to bit strings of fixed finite length. Number-theoretic properties of trigonometric functions (not part of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-06 T. N. Palmer

The quantum state of a $d$-dimensional system can be represented by the $d^2$ probabilities corresponding to a SIC-POVM, and then this distribution of probability can be represented by a vector of $\R^{d^2-1}$ in a simplex, we will call…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-09 Jose Ignacio Rosado

Based on the generalized Bloch representation, we study the separability and entanglement of arbitrary dimensional multipartite quantum states. Some sufficient and some necessary criteria are presented. For certain states, these criteria…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Zhi-Bo Chen , Shao-Ming Fei

We advocate the step change in properties of discrete $d$-level quantum systems, between $d=2$ and $d\geq 3$. Qubit systems, or multipartite systems containing qubit subsystem, are exceptional in their relative simplicity. One faces a step…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-26 Andrzej Frydryszak , Lech Jakóbczyk , Piotr Ługiewicz

We propose in this work a practical approach to address the longstanding and challenging problem of quantum separability, leveraging the correlation matrices of generic observables. General separability conditions are obtained by dint of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Ma-Cheng Yang , Cong-Feng Qiao

The concept of quantum acceleration limit has been recently introduced for any unitary time evolution of quantum systems under arbitrary nonstationary Hamiltonians. While Alsing and Cafaro [Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 21, 2440009…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-27 Carlo Cafaro , Christian Corda , Newshaw Bahreyni , Abeer Alanazi

The standard Bloch sphere representation was recently generalized to the 'extended Bloch representation' describing not only systems of arbitrary dimension, but also their measurements. This model solves the measurement problem and is based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-06 Diederik Aerts , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

The generalized Bloch decomposition of a bipartite quantum state gives rise to a correlation matrix whose singular values provide rich information about non-local properties of the state, such as the dimensionality of entanglement. While…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-12 Nikolai Wyderka , Andreas Ketterer

A method to establish a qubit decomposition of a general qudit state is presented. This new representation allows a geometrical depiction of any qudit state in the Bloch sphere. Additionally, we show that the nonnegativity conditions of the…

We study the separability of bipartite quantum systems in arbitrary dimensions using the Bloch representation of their density matrix. This approach enables us to find an alternative characterization of the separability problem, from which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-05 Julio I. de Vicente

As physical systems, qubits must evolve from input to output state. We describe a simple scheme in which the effect of a quantum gate is described by the action of an effective Hamiltonian acting for some characteristic time. This model…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 M. P. Vaughan

We present graphical representation for genaralized quantum measurements (POVM). We represent POVM elements as Bloch vectors and find the conditions these vectors should satisfy in order to describe realizable physical measurements. We show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Pawel Kurzynski , Andrzej Grudka

In the geometry of quantum-mechanical processes, the time-varying curvature coefficient of a quantum evolution is specified by the magnitude squared of the covariant derivative of the tangent vector to the state vector. In particular, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Carlo Cafaro , Leonardo Rossetti , Paul M. Alsing

We study the fully entangled fraction of quantum states based on the Bloch representation of density matrices. Analytical upper bounds on the fully entangled fraction are obtained for arbitrary $d\otimes d$ bipartite systems. The fully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-26 Xue-Na Zhu , Gui Bao , Ming Li , Ming-Jing Zhao , Shao-Ming Fei

The two-qubit pure state is explicitly parameterized by three unit 2-spheres and a phase factor. For separable states, two of the three unit spheres are the Bloch spheres of each qubit. The third sphere parameterizes the degree and phase of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-23 Chu-Ryang Wie

We have considered a system of two superconducting charge qubits capacitively coupled to a microwave resonator. The dynamics of the Bloch vectors are investigated for different regimes. By means of the Bloch vectors and cross dyadic we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Nasser Metwally , Mahmoud Abdel-Aty

We discuss in general how to geometrically visualize a qudit system, with a particular interest in thermal states. The principle of maximum entropy is used to study the geometric properties of an ensemble of finite dimensional Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-10 J. A. López-Saldívar , O. Castaños , S. Cordero , E. Nahmad-Achar , R. López-Peña