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We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend

Spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images has been the subject of many studies in recent years. In the presence of only very few labeled pixels, this task becomes challenging. In this paper we address the following two…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-24 Jacopo Acquarelli , Elena Marchiori , Lutgarde M. C. Buydens , Thanh Tran , Twan van Laarhoven

Understanding the impact of data structure on the computational tractability of learning is a key challenge for the theory of neural networks. Many theoretical works do not explicitly model training data, or assume that inputs are drawn…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-23 Sebastian Goldt , Bruno Loureiro , Galen Reeves , Florent Krzakala , Marc Mézard , Lenka Zdeborová

For certain infinitely-wide neural networks, the neural tangent kernel (NTK) theory fully characterizes generalization, but for the networks used in practice, the empirical NTK only provides a rough first-order approximation. Still, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Guillermo Ortiz-Jiménez , Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Pascal Frossard

Deep neural networks are widely used prediction algorithms whose performance often improves as the number of weights increases, leading to over-parametrization. We consider a two-layered neural network whose first layer is frozen while the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Roman Worschech , Bernd Rosenow

Deep neural networks have achieved strong performance in image classification tasks due to their ability to learn complex patterns from high-dimensional data. However, their large computational and memory requirements often limit deployment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Sai Shi

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) currently achieve state-of-the-art accuracy in image classification. With a growing number of classes, the accuracy usually drops as the possibilities of confusion increase. Interestingly, the class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-25 Bilal Alsallakh , Amin Jourabloo , Mao Ye , Xiaoming Liu , Liu Ren

The general perception is that kernel methods are not scalable, and neural nets are the methods of choice for nonlinear learning problems. Or have we simply not tried hard enough for kernel methods? Here we propose an approach that scales…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-09-11 Bo Dai , Bo Xie , Niao He , Yingyu Liang , Anant Raj , Maria-Florina Balcan , Le Song

For high-dimensional Gaussian data, we investigate theoretically how the features of a two-layer neural network adapt to the structure of the target function through a few large batch gradient descent steps, leading to an improvement in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-05 Yatin Dandi , Florent Krzakala , Bruno Loureiro , Luca Pesce , Ludovic Stephan

Recent advances in neuroscience have revealed many principles about neural processing. In particular, many biological systems were found to reconfigure/recruit single neurons to generate multiple kinds of decisions. Such findings have the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Yassin Khalifa , Justin Hawks , Ervin Sejdic

In the context of classification problems, Deep Learning (DL) approaches represent state of art. Many DL approaches are based on variations of standard multi-layer feed-forward neural networks. These are also referred to as deep networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete

Whilst deep neural networks have shown great empirical success, there is still much work to be done to understand their theoretical properties. In this paper, we study the relationship between random, wide, fully connected, feedforward…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-17 Alexander G. de G. Matthews , Mark Rowland , Jiri Hron , Richard E. Turner , Zoubin Ghahramani

A fairly comprehensive analysis is presented for the gradient descent dynamics for training two-layer neural network models in the situation when the parameters in both layers are updated. General initialization schemes as well as general…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Weinan E , Chao Ma , Lei Wu

Understanding when neural networks can be learned efficiently is a fundamental question in learning theory. Existing hardness results suggest that assumptions on both the input distribution and the network's weights are necessary for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Amit Daniely , Nathan Srebro , Gal Vardi

Generalization of deep neural networks remains one of the main open problems in machine learning. Previous theoretical works focused on deriving tight bounds of model complexity, while empirical works revealed that neural networks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 James Wang , Cheng-Lin Yang

Graph kernels have been successfully applied to many graph classification problems. Typically, a kernel is first designed, and then an SVM classifier is trained based on the features defined implicitly by this kernel. This two-stage…

Neural networks outperform kernel methods, sometimes by orders of magnitude, e.g. on staircase functions. This advantage stems from the ability of neural networks to learn features, adapting their hidden representations to better capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Niclas Alexander Göring , Charles London , Abdurrahman Hadi Erturk , Chris Mingard , Yoonsoo Nam , Ard A. Louis

We propose a kernelized classification layer for deep networks. Although conventional deep networks introduce an abundance of nonlinearity for representation (feature) learning, they almost universally use a linear classifier on the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Sadeep Jayasumana , Srikumar Ramalingam , Sanjiv Kumar

Neural networks have succeeded in many reasoning tasks. Empirically, these tasks require specialized network structures, e.g., Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) perform well on many such tasks, but less structured networks fail. Theoretically,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Keyulu Xu , Jingling Li , Mozhi Zhang , Simon S. Du , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi , Stefanie Jegelka

Modern neural networks are often regarded as complex black-box functions whose behavior is difficult to understand owing to their nonlinear dependence on the data and the nonconvexity in their loss landscapes. In this work, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Wei Hu , Lechao Xiao , Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington