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Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) offer the most promising avenue for skill evaluation in the era of virtual education and job recruiting, where traditional performance-based alternatives such as projects and essays have become less viable,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Eric Li , Jingyi Su , Hao Sheng , Lawrence Wai

Since the advent of GPT-3.5 in 2022, Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has shown tremendous potential in STEM education, particularly in providing real-time, customized feedback to students in large-enrollment courses. A crucial skill…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-09-11 Amogh Sirnoorkar , N. Sanjay Rebello

A final exam in machine learning at a top institution such as MIT, Harvard, or Cornell typically takes faculty days to write, and students hours to solve. We demonstrate that large language models pass machine learning finals at a human…

BERT and its variants are extensively explored for automated scoring. However, a limit of 512 tokens for these encoder-based models showed the deficiency in automated scoring of long essays. Thus, this research explores generative language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Haowei Hua , Hong Jiao , Xinyi Wang

Spoken Question Answering (Spoken QA) presents a challenging cross-modal problem: effectively aligning acoustic queries with textual knowledge while avoiding the latency and error propagation inherent in cascaded ASR-based systems. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ke Yang , Bolin Chen , Yuejie Li , Yueying Hua , Jianhao Nie , Yueping He , Bowen Li , Chengjun Mao

Essay writing is a critical component of student assessment, yet manual scoring is labor-intensive and inconsistent. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) offers a promising alternative, but current approaches face limitations. Recent studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hind Aljuaid , Areej Alhothali , Ohoud Al-Zamzami , Hussein Assalahi

Data augmentation can mitigate limited training data in machine-learning automated scoring engines for constructed response items. This study seeks to determine how well three approaches to large language model prompting produce essays that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Edward W. Wolfe , Justin O. Barber

In the last several years, the field of computer assisted language learning has increasingly focused on computer aided question generation. However, this approach often provides test takers with an exhaustive amount of questions that are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Yi-Ting Huang , Meng Chang Chen , Yeali S. Sun

The ability to revise essays in response to feedback is important for students' writing success. An automated writing evaluation (AWE) system that supports students in revising their essays is thus essential. We present eRevise+RF, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zhexiong Liu , Diane Litman , Elaine Wang , Tianwen Li , Mason Gobat , Lindsay Clare Matsumura , Richard Correnti

In this work, we present an approach based on combining string kernels and word embeddings for automatic essay scoring. String kernels capture the similarity among strings based on counting common character n-grams, which are a low-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Mădălina Cozma , Andrei M. Butnaru , Radu Tudor Ionescu

Homework grading is critical to evaluate teaching quality and effect. However, it is usually time-consuming to grade the homework manually. In automatic homework grading scenario, many optical mark reader (OMR)-based solutions which require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Xiaoshuo Li , Tiezhu Yue , Xuanping Huang , Zhe Yang , Gang Xu

Predicting a reader's rating of text quality is a challenging task that involves estimating different subjective aspects of the text, like structure, clarity, etc. Such subjective aspects are better handled using cognitive information. One…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-12 Sandeep Mathias , Diptesh Kanojia , Kevin Patel , Samarth Agarwal , Abhijit Mishra , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

This paper explores the human-centric operationalization of Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems, addressing aspects beyond accuracy. We compare various machine learning-based approaches with Large Language Models (LLMs) approaches,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yenisel Plasencia-Calaña

Automated scoring engines are increasingly being used to score the free-form text responses that students give to questions. Such engines are not designed to appropriately deal with responses that a human reader would find alarming such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Christopher M. Ormerod , Amy E. Harris

Automated question answering (QA) over electronic health records (EHRs) can bridge critical information gaps for clinicians and patients, yet it demands both precise evidence retrieval and faithful answer generation under limited…

Research on holistic Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is long-dated; yet, there is a notable lack of attention for assessing essays according to individual traits. In this work, we propose TRATES, a novel trait-specific and rubric-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sohaila Eltanbouly , Salam Albatarni , Tamer Elsayed

Event argument extraction (EAE) is an important task for information extraction to discover specific argument roles. In this study, we cast EAE as a question-based cloze task and empirically analyze fixed discrete token template…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Hongbin Ye , Ningyu Zhang , Zhen Bi , Shumin Deng , Chuanqi Tan , Hui Chen , Fei Huang , Huajun Chen

With recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), there has been growing interest in using state of the art (SOTA) AI solutions to provide assistance in grading handwritten answer sheets. While a few commercial products exist, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Pritam Sil , Parag Chaudhuri , Bhaskaran Raman

Integrating automatic speech scoring/assessment systems has become a critical aspect of second-language speaking education. With self-supervised learning advancements, end-to-end speech scoring approaches have exhibited promising results.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Jungbae Park , Seungtaek Choi

Large-scale pre-trained language models such as GPT-3 have shown remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. However, applying prompt-based methods with GPT-3 for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) tasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Mengsay Loem , Masahiro Kaneko , Sho Takase , Naoaki Okazaki