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Automated essay scoring (AES) is gaining increasing attention in the education sector as it significantly reduces the burden of manual scoring and allows ad hoc feedback for learners. Natural language processing based on machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Sabrina Ludwig , Christian Mayer , Christopher Hansen , Kerstin Eilers , Steffen Brandt

While automated essay scoring (AES) can reliably grade essays at scale, automated writing evaluation (AWE) additionally provides formative feedback to guide essay revision. However, a neural AES typically does not provide useful feature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Haoran Zhang , Diane Litman

Automated Essay scoring has been explored as a research and industry problem for over 50 years. It has drawn a lot of attention from the NLP community because of its clear educational value as a research area that can engender the creation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Yann Hicke , Tonghua Tian , Karan Jha , Choong Hee Kim

Automated essay scoring (AES) to evaluate second language (L2) proficiency has been a firmly established technology used in educational contexts for decades. Although holistic scoring has seen advancements in AES that match or even exceed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Stefano Bannò , Hari Krishna Vydana , Kate M. Knill , Mark J. F. Gales

Electronic exams (e-exams) have the potential to substantially reduce the effort required for conducting an exam through automation. Yet, care must be taken to sacrifice neither task complexity nor constructive alignment nor grading…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Ole Lübke , Konrad Fuger , Fin Hendrik Bahnsen , Katrin Billerbeck , Sibylle Schupp

This study explored the utilities of rationales generated by GPT-4.1 and GPT-5 in automated scoring using Prompt 6 essays from the 2012 Kaggle ASAP data. Essay-based scoring was compared with rationale-based scoring. The study found in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Hong Jiao , Hanna Choi , Haowei Hua

Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) techniques are designed to automatically assess short answers to questions in natural language, having a length of a few words to a few sentences. Supervised ASAG techniques have been demonstrated to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-22 Shourya Roy , Himanshu S. Bhatt , Y. Narahari

In the realm of education, student evaluation holds equal significance to imparting knowledge. To be evaluated, students usually need to go through text-based academic assessment methods. Instructors need to make a diverse set of questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Md. Alvee Ehsan , A. S. M Mehedi Hasan , Kefaya Benta Shahnoor , Syeda Sumaiya Tasneem

Education is being transformed by rapid advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), including emerging Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI). Such technology can significantly support academics and students by automating monotonous tasks…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Wasiq Khan , Luke K. Topham , Peter Atherton , Raghad Al-Shabandar , Hoshang Kolivand , Iftikhar Khan , Abir Hussain

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in education by providing scalable and efficient assessment tools. However, in real-world settings, the extreme scarcity of labeled data severely limits the development and practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hongseok Choi , Serynn Kim , Wencke Liermann , Jin Seong , Jin-Xia Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have recently reshaped Automated Essay Scoring (AES), yet prior studies typically examine individual techniques in isolation, limiting understanding of their relative merits for English as a Second Language (L2)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Minh Hoang Nguyen , Vu Hoang Pham , Xuan Thanh Huynh , Phuc Hong Mai , Vinh The Nguyen , Quang Nhut Huynh , Huy Tien Nguyen , Tung Le

This paper surveys and organizes research works in an under-studied area, which we call automated evaluation for student argumentative writing. Unlike traditional automated writing evaluation that focuses on holistic essay scoring, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Xinyu Wang , Yohan Lee , Juneyoung Park

This paper introduces a novel perspective on the automated essay scoring (AES) task, challenging the conventional view of the ASAP dataset as a static entity. Employing simple text denoising techniques using prompting, we explore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Jungyeul Park , Mengyang Qiu

We demonstrate that current state-of-the-art approaches to Automated Essay Scoring (AES) are not well-suited to capturing adversarially crafted input of grammatical but incoherent sequences of sentences. We develop a neural model of local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Youmna Farag , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ted Briscoe

This research aims to take advantage of artificial intelligence techniques in producing students assessment that is compatible with the different academic accreditations of the same program. The possibility of using generative artificial…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Rania Anwar Aboalela

Automated scoring of open-ended student responses has the potential to significantly reduce human grader effort. Recent advances in automated scoring often leverage textual representations based on pre-trained language models such as BERT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Nigel Fernandez , Aritra Ghosh , Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Benoît Choffin , Richard Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) holds significant promise in the field of education, helping educators to mark larger volumes of essays and provide timely feedback. However, Arabic AES research has been limited by the lack of publicly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Rayed Ghazawi , Edwin Simpson

This study illustrates how incorporating feedback-oriented annotations into the scoring pipeline can enhance the accuracy of automated essay scoring (AES). This approach is demonstrated with the Persuasive Essays for Rating, Selecting, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Christopher Ormerod

Digital technologies are increasingly used in education to reduce the workload of teachers and students. However, creating open-ended study or examination questions and grading their answers is still a tedious task. This thesis presents the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Gérôme Meyer , Philip Breuer

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is a cross-disciplinary effort involving Education, Linguistics, and Natural Language Processing (NLP). The efficacy of an NLP model in AES tests it ability to evaluate long-term dependencies and extrapolate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Christopher M Ormerod , Akanksha Malhotra , Amir Jafari