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We show that deep narrow Boltzmann machines are universal approximators of probability distributions on the activities of their visible units, provided they have sufficiently many hidden layers, each containing the same number of units as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-04-13 Guido Montufar

The universal approximation property is fundamental to the success of neural networks, and has traditionally been achieved by training networks without any constraints on their parameters. However, recent experimental research proposed a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Yongqiang Cai , Gaohang Chen , Zhonghua Qiao

Constructing neural networks for function approximation is a classical and longstanding topic in approximation theory. In this paper, we aim at constructing deep neural networks (deep nets for short) with three hidden layers to approximate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Xia Liu

We study the approximation of measurable functions on the hypercube by functions arising from affine neural networks. Our main achievement is an approximation of any measurable function $f \colon W_n \to [-1,1]$ up to a prescribed precision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Andreas Thom

It is well understood that neural networks with carefully hand-picked weights provide powerful function approximation and that they can be successfully trained in over-parametrized regimes. Since over-parametrization ensures zero training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 G. Welper

Universality results for equivariant neural networks remain rare. Those that do exist typically hold only in restrictive settings: either they rely on regular or higher-order tensor representations, leading to impractically high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Marco Pacini , Mircea Petrache , Bruno Lepri , Shubhendu Trivedi , Robin Walters

Modifications to a neural network's input and output layers are often required to accommodate the specificities of most practical learning tasks. However, the impact of such changes on architecture's approximation capabilities is largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Anastasis Kratsios , Eugene Bilokopytov

As demonstrated in many areas of real-life applications, neural networks have the capability of dealing with high dimensional data. In the fields of optimal control and dynamical systems, the same capability was studied and verified in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Wei Kang , Qi Gong

We propose a hierarchical training algorithm for standard feed-forward neural networks that adaptively extends the network architecture as soon as the optimization reaches a stationary point. By solving small (low-dimensional) optimization…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-31 Michael Feischl , Alexander Rieder , Fabian Zehetgruber

We investigate the complexity of the reachability problem for (deep) neural networks: does it compute valid output given some valid input? It was recently claimed that the problem is NP-complete for general neural networks and conjunctive…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Marco Sälzer , Martin Lange

Neural ODEs and i-ResNet are recently proposed methods for enforcing invertibility of residual neural models. Having a generic technique for constructing invertible models can open new avenues for advances in learning systems, but so far…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Han Zhang , Xi Gao , Jacob Unterman , Tom Arodz

We study the approximation of multivariate functions with tensor networks (TNs), providing some answers to the following two questions: ``what are the approximation capabilities of TNs for functions from classical smoothness classes?'' and…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Mazen Ali , Anthony Nouy

Approximation capability of reservoir systems whose reservoir is a recurrent neural network (RNN) is discussed. We show what we call uniform strong universality of RNN reservoir systems for a certain class of dynamical systems. This means…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Hiroki Yasumoto , Toshiyuki Tanaka

Given a neural network, training data, and a threshold, it was known that it is NP-hard to find weights for the neural network such that the total error is below the threshold. We determine the algorithmic complexity of this fundamental…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Mikkel Abrahamsen , Linda Kleist , Tillmann Miltzow

The optimization problem behind neural networks is highly non-convex. Training with stochastic gradient descent and variants requires careful parameter tuning and provides no guarantee to achieve the global optimum. In contrast we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-31 Antoine Gautier , Quynh Nguyen , Matthias Hein

We study the approximation properties and optimization dynamics of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) when applied to learn input-output relationships in temporal data. We consider the simple but representative setting of using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Zhong Li , Jiequn Han , Weinan E , Qianxiao Li

Deep neural networks' remarkable ability to correctly fit training data when optimized by gradient-based algorithms is yet to be fully understood. Recent theoretical results explain the convergence for ReLU networks that are wider than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Asaf Noy , Yi Xu , Yonathan Aflalo , Lihi Zelnik-Manor , Rong Jin

We consider applications of neural networks in nonlinear system identification and formulate a hypothesis that adjusting general network structure by incorporating frequency information or other known orthogonal transform, should result in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Krzysztof Zając , Wojciech Sopot , Paweł Wachel

We investigate the concept of Best Approximation for Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN) and explore their convergence properties through the lens of Random Projection (RPNNs). RPNNs have predetermined and fixed, once and for all, internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Gianluca Fabiani

In this chapter we take a look at the universal approximation question for stochastic feedforward neural networks. In contrast to deterministic networks, which represent mappings from a set of inputs to a set of outputs, stochastic networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Thomas Merkh , Guido Montúfar
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