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Landauer's principle, often regarded as the foundation of the thermodynamics of information processing, holds that any logically irreversible manipulation of information, such as the erasure of a bit or the merging of two computation paths,…

Classical Physics · Physics 2011-01-11 Charles H. Bennett

Landauer's principle laid the main foundation for the development of modern thermodynamics of information. However, in its original inception the principle relies on semiformal arguments and dissipative dynamics. Hence, if and how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-04 Sebastian Deffner

Modern digital electronics support remarkably reliable computing, especially given the challenge of controlling nanoscale logical components that interact in fluctuating environments. However, we demonstrate that the high-reliability limit…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-10-07 P. M. Riechers , A. B. Boyd , G. W. Wimsatt , J. P. Crutchfield

Landauer's principle is, roughly, the principle that there is an entropic cost associated with implementation of logically irreversible operations. Though widely accepted in the literature on the thermodynamics of computation, it has been…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-07-24 Wayne C. Myrvold

One of the outstanding challenges to information processing is the eloquent suppression of energy consumption in execution of logic operations. Landauer principle sets an energy constraint in deletion of a classical bit of information.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-13 L. L. Yan , T. P. Xiong , K. Rehan , F. Zhou , D. F. Liang , L. Chen , J. Q. Zhang , W. L. Yang , Z. H. Ma , M. Feng

Using a double-well potential as a physical memory, we study with experiments and numerical simulations the energy exchanges during erasure processes, and model quantitatively the cost of fast operation. Within the stochastic thermodynamics…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-02-22 Salambô Dago , Ludovic Bellon

Developing a thermodynamic theory of computation is a challenging task at the interface of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and computer science. In particular, this task requires dealing with difficulties such as stochastic halting times,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-05-14 Gonzalo Manzano , Gülce Kardeş , Édgar Roldán , David Wolpert

Thermodynamics and information have intricate interrelations. Often thermodynamics is considered to be the logical premise to justify that information is physical - through Landauer's principle -, thereby also linking information and…

Landauer's principle makes a strong connection between information theory and thermodynamics by stating that erasing a one-bit memory at temperature $T_0$ requires an average energy larger than $W_{LB}=k_BT_0 \ln2$, with $k_B$ Boltzmann's…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-01-12 Salambô Dago , Sergio Ciliberto , Ludovic Bellon

Physical systems are often simulated using a stochastic computation where different final states result from identical initial states. Here, we derive the minimum energy cost of simulating a complex data set of a general physical system…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-05-30 Karoline Wiesner , Mile Gu , Elisabeth Rieper , Vlatko Vedral

The fundamental energy cost of irreversible computing is given by the Landauer bound of $kT \ln2$~/bit. However, this limit is only achievable for infinite-time processes. We here determine the fundamental energy cost of finite-time…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-10-03 Michael Konopik , Till Korten , Eric Lutz , Heiner Linke

Biological sensory systems react to changes in their surroundings. They are characterized by fast response and slow adaptation to varying environmental cues. Insofar as sensory adaptive systems map environmental changes to changes of their…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2014-12-15 Pablo Sartori , Léo Granger , Chiu Fan Lee , Jordan M. Horowitz

Information processing typically occurs via the composition of modular units, such as universal logic gates. The benefit of modular information processing, in contrast to globally integrated information processing, is that complex global…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-08-08 Alexander B. Boyd , Dibyendu Mandal , James P. Crutchfield

The erasure of information is fundamentally an irreversible logical operation, carrying profound consequences for the energetics of computation and information processing. We investigate the thermodynamic costs associated with erasing (and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-23 Himanshu Badhani , Dhanuja GS , Swati Choudhary , Vishal Anand , Siddhartha Das

We show how to adjust the parameters of a thermodynamic computer by gradient descent in order to perform a desired computation at a specified observation time. Within a digital simulation of a thermodynamic computer, training proceeds by…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-09-22 Stephen Whitelam

Thermodynamic trade-off relations dictate fundamental limits on the performance of thermodynamic tasks through costs such as heat dissipation. Here, we propose a framework called thermodynamic recycling to circumvent these limits in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Nobumasa Ishida , Yoshihiko Hasegawa

It is now well established that there is no lower bound for the energy dissipated during a computation. The relevance of the zero-energy limit is unclear, however, because it entails computations that are unreliable or infinitely slow, or…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-02-21 Dominique Chu

The meaning and evolution of the notion of "temperature" (which is a key concept for the condensed and gaseous matter theories) are addressed from the different points of view. The concept of temperature turns out to be much more…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-12-30 Edward Bormashenko

In this paper we argue that one-way quantum computation can be seen as a form of phase transition with the available information about the solution of the computation being the order parameter. We draw a number of striking analogies between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Janet Anders , Damian Markham , Vlatko Vedral , Michal Hajdušek

The energy cost of computation has emerged as a central challenge at the intersection of physics and computer science. Recent advances in statistical physics -- particularly in stochastic thermodynamics -- enable precise characterizations…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-07 Jinghao Lyu , Kyle J. Ray , James P. Crutchfield