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Autonomous vehicles rely on their perception systems to acquire information about their immediate surroundings. It is necessary to detect the presence of other vehicles, pedestrians and other relevant entities. Safety concerns and the need…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-15 You Li , Javier Ibanez-Guzman

Safety and performance are key enablers for autonomous driving: on the one hand we want our autonomous vehicles (AVs) to be safe, while at the same time their performance (e.g., comfort or progression) is key to adoption. To effectively…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Pasquale Antonante , Sushant Veer , Karen Leung , Xinshuo Weng , Luca Carlone , Marco Pavone

Safe road crossing by autonomous wheelchairs can be affected by several environmental factors such as adverse weather conditions influencing the accuracy of artificial vision. Previous studies have addressed experimental evaluation of…

The objective of this paper is to propose a systematic analysis of the sensor coverage of automated vehicles. Due to an unlimited number of possible traffic situations, a selection of scenarios to be tested must be applied in the safety…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Thomas Ponn , Fabian Müller , Frank Diermeyer

Traffic light perception is an essential component of the camera-based perception system for autonomous vehicles, enabling accurate detection and interpretation of traffic lights to ensure safe navigation through complex urban environments.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Rupert Polley , Nikolai Polley , Dominik Heid , Marc Heinrich , Sven Ochs , J. Marius Zöllner

Highly automated driving (HAD) vehicles are complex systems operating in an open context. Complexity of these systems as well as limitations and insufficiencies in sensing and understanding the open context may result in unsafe and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Ahmad Adee , Roman Gansch , Peter Liggesmeyer

Autonomously driving vehicles require a complete and robust perception of the local environment. A main challenge is to perceive any other road users, where multi-object tracking or occupancy grid maps are commonly used. The presented…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Fabian Gies , Andreas Danzer , Klaus Dietmayer

We survey research on self-driving cars published in the literature focusing on autonomous cars developed since the DARPA challenges, which are equipped with an autonomy system that can be categorized as SAE level 3 or higher. The…

Autonomous driving technologies have achieved significant advances in recent years, yet their real-world deployment remains constrained by data scarcity, safety requirements, and the need for generalization across diverse environments. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 A. Humnabadkar , A. Sikdar , B. Cave , H. Zhang , N. Bessis , A. Behera

Ensuring the quality of automated driving systems is a major challenge the automotive industry is facing. In this context, quality defines the degree to which an object meets expectations and requirements. Especially, automated vehicles at…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Barbara Schütt , Markus Steimle , Birte Kramer , Danny Behnecke , Eric Sax

Despite the increasing testing operations of automated vehicles on public roads, media reports on incidents show that safety issues caused by automated driving systems persist to this day. Manufacturers face high development uncertainty…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-08 Marvin Loba , Nayel Fabian Salem , Marcus Nolte , Andreas Dotzler , Dieter Ludwig , Markus Maurer

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on environment perception and behavior prediction to reason about agents in their surroundings. These perception systems must be robust to adverse weather such as rain, fog, and snow. However, validation of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Harrison Delecki , Masha Itkina , Bernard Lange , Ransalu Senanayake , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

The present cross-disciplinary research explores pedestrian-autonomous vehicle interactions in a safe, virtual environment. We first present contemporary tools in the field and then propose the design and development of a new application…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Georgios Pappas , Joshua E. Siegel , Jacob Rutkowski , Andrea Schaaf

Trajectory prediction is one of the key components of the autonomous driving software stack. Accurate prediction for the future movement of surrounding traffic participants is an important prerequisite for ensuring the driving efficiency…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Wenbo Shao , Jun Li , Hong Wang

The rapid adoption of micromobility solutions, particularly two-wheeled vehicles like e-scooters and e-bikes, has created an urgent need for reliable autonomous riding (AR) technologies. While autonomous driving (AD) systems have matured…

The key to achieving autonomous driving lies in topology-aware perception, the structured understanding of the driving environment with an emphasis on lane topology and road semantics. This survey systematically reviews four core research…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yixiao Chen , Ruining Yang , Xin Chen , Jia He , Dongliang Xu , Yue Yao

Autonomous driving perception techniques are typically based on supervised machine learning models that are trained on real-world street data. A typical training process involves capturing images with a single car model and windshield…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-24 Dominik Werner Wolf , Markus Ulrich , Nikhil Kapoor

Testing autonomous driving systems for safety and reliability is extremely complex. A primary challenge is identifying the relevant test scenarios, especially the critical ones that may expose hazards or risks of harm to autonomous vehicles…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Qunying Song , Emelie Engström , Per Runeson

Evaluating the safety of an autonomous vehicle (AV) depends on the behavior of surrounding agents which can be heavily influenced by factors such as environmental context and informally-defined driving etiquette. A key challenge is in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Karen Leung , Sushant Veer , Edward Schmerling , Marco Pavone

Vision-based 3D Detection task is fundamental task for the perception of an autonomous driving system, which has peaked interest amongst many researchers and autonomous driving engineers. However achieving a rather good 3D BEV (Bird's Eye…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Apoorv Singh , Varun Bankiti