Related papers: Proton mass decomposition: naturalness and interpr…
Different decompositions (sum rules) for the proton mass have been proposed in the literature. All of them are related to the energy-momentum tensor in quantum chromodynamics. We review and revisit these decompositions by paying special…
We review and examine in detail recent developments regarding the question of the nucleon mass decomposition. We discuss in particular the virial theorem in quantum field theory and its implications for the nucleon mass decomposition and…
We study the anomalous scale symmetry breaking effects on the proton mass in QCD due to quantum fluctuations at ultraviolet scales. We confirm that a novel contribution naturally arises as a part of the proton mass, which we call the…
In the quantum chromodynamics, the mass source of the proton is decomposed into four parts by the energy momentum tensor : quark energy term, gluon energy term, quark mass term and trace anomaly term. And the trace anomaly term is the most…
We report results on the proton mass decomposition and also on related quark and glue momentum fractions. The results are based on overlap valence fermions on four ensembles of $N_f = 2+1$ DWF configurations with three lattice spacings and…
{}From the deep-inelastic momentum sum rule and the trace anomaly of the energy-momentum tensor, I derive a separation of the nucleon mass into the contributions of the quark and gluon kinetic and potential energies, the quark masses, and…
A method for quantization of the proton mass is here addressed, which provides a plausible explanation for the origin of mass and leads to the unification of mass and electric charge through their coupling. By means of an electromagnetic…
We present an analysis of the proton mass radius by studying the $t$-dependence of the differential cross sections of the vector meson photoproductions near the thresholds. At low energy, the photoproduction of a quarkonium off the proton…
The trace of the stress tensor characterizes the transformation of a theory under rescaling. In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), this trace contains contributions from the bare masses of the quarks and also from a purely quantum effect, called…
Lattice results on sigma terms and global analysis of parton momentum fractions are used to give the quark and glue fractions of the proton mass and rest energy. The mass decomposition in terms of the trace of the energy-momentum tensor is…
Inspired by the recent Hall C and GlueX measurements of $J/\psi$ photoproduction, a systematic analysis of the contribution of quantum anomalous energy (QAE) to the proton mass is carried out under the framework of the vector meson…
The trace anomalous energy contribution to the proton mass is a very important topic in non-perturbative QCD and hadron physics. In experiments, it is under the hot discussions on how to measure the trace anomalous energy.The QCD…
In this work, under the framework of vector meson dominance model, the trace anomaly contribution value inside neutrons are extracted for the first time based on vector meson photoproduction data. Furthermore, we systematically compare and…
We argue that the standard decompositions of the hadron mass overlook pressure effects, and hence should be interpreted with great care. Based on the semiclassical picture, we propose a new decomposition that properly accounts for these…
Different decompositions of the nucleon mass, in terms of the masses and energies of the underlying constituents, have been proposed in the literature. We explore the corresponding sum rules in quantum electrodynamics for an electron at…
Proton matrix elements of the QCD energy-momentum tensor (EMT) are expressed by the gravitational form factors. The forward values of the gravitational form factors allow for a decomposition of the proton mass into contributions from quarks…
The Cottingham formula expresses the electromagnetic part of the mass of a particle in terms of the virtual Compton scattering amplitude. At large photon momenta, this amplitude is dominated by short distance singularities associated with…
We report the results on the proton mass decomposition and also on the related quark and glue momentum fractions. The results are based on overlap valence fermions on four ensembles of $N_f = 2+1$ DWF configurations with three lattice…
Starting from very high energy inelastic electron-nucleon scattering with a production of a hadronic state $X$ to be moved closely to the direction of the initial nucleon, then utilizing analytic properties of parts of forward virtual…
We present a novel approach for investigating the spin structure of hadrons based on the two-point function in quantum field theory. In a rotating frame, we derive two independent expressions of the two-point function and identify their…