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No-regret learning has a long history of being closely connected to game theory. Recent works have devised uncoupled no-regret learning dynamics that, when adopted by all the players in normal-form games, converge to various equilibrium…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Weichao Mao , Haoran Qiu , Chen Wang , Hubertus Franke , Zbigniew Kalbarczyk , Tamer Başar

While multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has produced numerous algorithms that converge to Nash or related equilibria, such equilibria are often non-unique and can exhibit widely varying efficiency. This raises a fundamental…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Runyu Zhang , Gioele Zardini , Asuman Ozdaglar , Jeff Shamma , Na Li

We consider two classes of constrained finite state-action stochastic games. First, we consider a two player nonzero sum single controller constrained stochastic game with both average and discounted cost criterion. We consider the same…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-06-11 Vikas Vikram Singh , N. Hemachandra

Decoding how rational agents should behave in shared systems remains a critical challenge within theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence and economics studies. Central to this challenge is the task of computing the solution…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Dongge Wang , Xiang Yan , Zehao Dou , Wenhan Huang , Yaodong Yang , Xiaotie Deng

We study the limiting behavior of the mixed strategies that result from optimal no-regret learning strategies in a repeated game setting where the stage game is any 2 by 2 competitive game. We consider optimal no-regret algorithms that are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Vidya Muthukumar , Soham Phade , Anant Sahai

We introduce a new algorithm for the numerical computation of Nash equilibria of competitive two-player games. Our method is a natural generalization of gradient descent to the two-player setting where the update is given by the Nash…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-07-02 Florian Schäfer , Anima Anandkumar

We propose a reinforcement learning algorithm for stationary mean-field games, where the goal is to learn a pair of mean-field state and stationary policy that constitutes the Nash equilibrium. When viewing the mean-field state and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Qiaomin Xie , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang , Andreea Minca

Nash equilibrium is one of the most influential solution concepts in game theory. With the development of computer science and artificial intelligence, there is an increasing demand on Nash equilibrium computation, especially for Internet…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Hanyu Li , Wenhan Huang , Zhijian Duan , David Henry Mguni , Kun Shao , Jun Wang , Xiaotie Deng

We introduce, to our knowledge, the first direct second-order method for computing Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. To do so, we construct a Douglas-Rachford-style splitting formulation, which we then solve with a semi-smooth…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-16 David Yang , Yuan Gao , Tianyi Lin , Christian Kroer

We study the robust Nash equilibrium (RNE) for a class of games in communications systems and networks where the impact of users on each other is an additive function of their strategies. Each user measures this impact, which may be…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2011-09-21 Saeedeh Parsaeefard , Ahmad R. Sharafat , Mihaela van der Schaar

Two-player complete-information game trees are perhaps the simplest possible setting for studying general-sum games and the computational problem of finding equilibria. These games admit a simple bottom-up algorithm for finding subgame…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-07-02 Michael L. Littman , Nishkam Ravi , Arjun Talwar , Martin Zinkevich

The combination of deep reinforcement learning and search at both training and test time is a powerful paradigm that has led to a number of successes in single-agent settings and perfect-information games, best exemplified by AlphaZero.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Noam Brown , Anton Bakhtin , Adam Lerer , Qucheng Gong

Real-world games, which concern imperfect information, multiple players, and simultaneous moves, are less frequently discussed in the existing literature of game theory. While reinforcement learning (RL) provides a general framework to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Runyu Lu , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

There has been substantial progress on finding game-theoretic equilibria. Most of that work has focused on games with finite, discrete action spaces. However, many games involving space, time, money, and other fine-grained quantities have…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Carlos Martin , Tuomas Sandholm

This work proposes a novel distributed approach for computing a Nash equilibrium in convex games with restricted strongly monotone pseudo-gradients. By leveraging the idea of the centralized operator extrapolation method presented in [4] to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-25 Tatiana Tatarenko , Angelia Nedich

Equilibrium finding in two-player zero-sum games with perfect recall is a well-studied topic that has led to many breakthroughs in computational game theory. This paper aims to generalize such techniques to (timeable) two-player zero-sum…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Luca Carminati , Brian Hu Zhang , Federico Cacciamani , Junkang Li , Gabriele Farina , Nicola Gatti , Tuomas Sandholm

This paper studies the optimistic variant of Fictitious Play for learning in two-player zero-sum games. While it is known that Optimistic FTRL -- a regularized algorithm with a bounded stepsize parameter -- obtains constant regret in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 John Lazarsfeld , Georgios Piliouras , Ryann Sim , Stratis Skoulakis

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is increasingly used to design learning-enabled agents that interact in shared environments. However, training MARL algorithms in general-sum games remains challenging: learning dynamics can become…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Addison Kalanther , Sanika Bharvirkar , Shankar Sastry , Chinmay Maheshwari

Nash equilibrium} (NE) can be stated as a formal theorem on a multilinear form, free of game theory terminology. On the other hand, inspired by this formalism, we state and prove a {\it multilinear minimax theorem}, a generalization of von…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Bahman Kalantari

Constrained Markov games offer a formal mathematical framework for modeling multi-agent reinforcement learning problems where the behavior of the agents is subject to constraints. In this work, we focus on the recently introduced class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Philip Jordan , Anas Barakat , Niao He