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Large language model (LLM) benchmarks inform LLM use decisions (e.g., "is this LLM safe to deploy for my use case and context?"). However, benchmarks may be rendered unreliable by various failure modes that impact benchmark bias, variance,…

In multi-label classification, each example in a dataset may be annotated as belonging to one or more classes (or none of the classes). Example applications include image (or document) tagging where each possible tag either applies to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Aditya Thyagarajan , Elías Snorrason , Curtis Northcutt , Jonas Mueller

Although significant progress achieved, multi-label classification is still challenging due to the complexity of correlations among different labels. Furthermore, modeling the relationships between input and some (dull) classes further…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Junbing Li , Changqing Zhang , Pengfei Zhu , Baoyuan Wu , Lei Chen , Qinghua Hu

This study conducts a benchmarking study, comparing 23 different statistical and machine learning methods in a credit scoring application. In order to do so, the models' performance is evaluated over four different data sets in combination…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-07-31 Anna Stelzer

The bulk of existing research in defending against adversarial examples focuses on defending against a single (typically bounded Lp-norm) attack, but for a practical setting, machine learning (ML) models should be robust to a wide variety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Sihui Dai , Saeed Mahloujifar , Chong Xiang , Vikash Sehwag , Pin-Yu Chen , Prateek Mittal

Imbalanced learning remains a fundamental challenge in tabular data applications. Despite decades of research and numerous proposed algorithms, a systematic empirical understanding of how different imbalanced learning methods behave across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ruizhe Liu , Jiaqi Luo

In typical medical image classification problems, labeled data is scarce while unlabeled data is more available. Semi-supervised learning and self-supervised learning are two different research directions that can improve accuracy by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Zhe Huang , Ruijie Jiang , Shuchin Aeron , Michael C. Hughes

Hierarchical multi-label classification (HMC) is a challenging classification task extending standard multi-label classification problems by imposing a hierarchy constraint on the classes. In this paper, we propose C-HMCNN(h), a novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Eleonora Giunchiglia , Thomas Lukasiewicz

The evaluation of generative or discriminative large language model (LLM)-based systems is often a complex multi-dimensional problem. Typically, a set of system configuration alternatives are evaluated on one or more benchmark datasets,…

Applications · Statistics 2025-01-31 Samuel Ackerman , Eitan Farchi , Orna Raz , Assaf Toledo

Comparing different AutoML frameworks is notoriously challenging and often done incorrectly. We introduce an open and extensible benchmark that follows best practices and avoids common mistakes when comparing AutoML frameworks. We conduct a…

Multi-label learning has emerged as a crucial paradigm in data analysis, addressing scenarios where instances are associated with multiple class labels simultaneously. With the growing prevalence of multi-label data across diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Sadegh Eskandari , Sahar Ghassabi

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have made significant advancements, demonstrating powerful capabilities in processing and understanding multimodal data. Fine-tuning MLLMs with Federated Learning (FL) allows for expanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Binqian Xu , Xiangbo Shu , Haiyang Mei , Guosen Xie , Basura Fernando , Jinhui Tang

Large language models (LLMs) show significant potential in healthcare, prompting numerous benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities. However, concerns persist regarding the reliability of these benchmarks, which often lack clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Wenting Chen , Guo Yu , Yiu-Fai Cheung , Meidan Ding , Jie Liu , Zizhan Ma , Wenxuan Wang , Linlin Shen

Monitoring, understanding, and optimizing the energy consumption of Machine Learning (ML) are various reasons why it is necessary to evaluate the energy usage of ML. However, there exists no universal tool that can answer this question for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Charlotte Rodriguez , Laura Degioanni , Laetitia Kameni , Richard Vidal , Giovanni Neglia

Meta-Continual Learning (Meta-CL) enables models to learn new classes from limited labelled samples, making it promising for IoT applications where manual labelling is costly. However, existing studies focus on accuracy while ignoring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sijia Li , Young D. Kwon , Lik-Hang Lee , Pan Hui

In Continual Learning (CL), while existing work primarily focuses on the multi-class classification task, there has been limited research on Multi-Label Learning (MLL). In practice, MLL datasets are often class-imbalanced, making it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Yan Zhang , Guoqiang Wu , Bingzheng Wang , Teng Pang , Haoliang Sun , Yilong Yin

Multi-label classification is becoming increasingly ubiquitous, but not much attention has been paid to interpretability. In this paper, we develop a multi-label classifier that can be represented as a concise set of simple "if-then" rules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Martino Ciaperoni , Han Xiao , Aristides Gionis

The popularity of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has triggered a recent surge in research efforts dedicated to evaluating these models. Nevertheless, existing evaluation studies of MLLMs primarily focus on the comprehension and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Xiaocui Yang , Wenfang Wu , Shi Feng , Ming Wang , Daling Wang , Yang Li , Qi Sun , Yifei Zhang , Xiaoming Fu , Soujanya Poria

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLM) classification performance depends critically on evaluation protocol and ground truth quality. Studies comparing MLLMs with supervised and vision-language models report conflicting conclusions, and we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Nikita Kisel , Illia Volkov , Klara Janouskova , Jiri Matas

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is a challenging Natural Language Processing(NLP) research field with wide real-world applications. The great progress of this field in recent years is mainly due to the emergence of large-scale datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Changchang Zeng , Shaobo Li , Qin Li , Jie Hu , Jianjun Hu