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Recently, contrastive learning has been shown to be effective in improving pre-trained language models (PLM) to derive high-quality sentence representations. It aims to pull close positive examples to enhance the alignment while push apart…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Kun Zhou , Beichen Zhang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Contrastive learning has achieved remarkable success in learning effective representations, with supervised contrastive learning often outperforming self-supervised approaches. However, in real-world scenarios, data annotations are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zi-Hao Zhou , Jun-Jie Wang , Tong Wei , Min-Ling Zhang

This paper investigates negative sampling for contrastive learning in the context of audio-text retrieval. The strategy for negative sampling refers to selecting negatives (either audio clips or textual descriptions) from a pool of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-20 Huang Xie , Okko Räsänen , Tuomas Virtanen

Negative sampling has emerged as an effective technique that enables deep learning models to learn better representations by introducing the paradigm of learn-to-compare. The goal of this approach is to add robustness to deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Suman Adhya , Avishek Lahiri , Debarshi Kumar Sanyal , Partha Pratim Das

Noise contrastive learning is a popular technique for unsupervised representation learning. In this approach, a representation is obtained via reduction to supervised learning, where given a notion of semantic similarity, the learner tries…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Jordan T. Ash , Surbhi Goel , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Dipendra Misra

Semi-supervised learning frameworks usually adopt mutual learning approaches with multiple submodels to learn from different perspectives. To avoid transferring erroneous pseudo labels between these submodels, a high threshold is usually…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Hao Xu , Hui Xiao , Huazheng Hao , Li Dong , Xiaojie Qiu , Chengbin Peng

Learning good representations involves capturing the diverse ways in which data samples relate. Contrastive loss - an objective matching related samples - underlies methods from self-supervised to multimodal learning. Contrastive losses,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Vlad Sobal , Mark Ibrahim , Randall Balestriero , Vivien Cabannes , Diane Bouchacourt , Pietro Astolfi , Kyunghyun Cho , Yann LeCun

Contrastive Self-supervised Learning (CSL) is a practical solution that learns meaningful visual representations from massive data in an unsupervised approach. The ordinary CSL embeds the features extracted from neural networks onto…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-19 Shentong Mo , Zhun Sun , Chao Li

Self-supervised representation learning on image-text data facilitates crucial medical applications, such as image classification, visual grounding, and cross-modal retrieval. One common approach involves contrasting semantically similar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Peiqi Wang , Yingcheng Liu , Ching-Yun Ko , William M. Wells , Seth Berkowitz , Steven Horng , Polina Golland

Despite pre-trained language models have proven useful for learning high-quality semantic representations, these models are still vulnerable to simple perturbations. Recent works aimed to improve the robustness of pre-trained models mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Dong Wang , Ning Ding , Piji Li , Hai-Tao Zheng

As a representative self-supervised method, contrastive learning has achieved great successes in unsupervised training of representations. It trains an encoder by distinguishing positive samples from negative ones given query anchors. These…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Xiao Wang , Yuhang Huang , Dan Zeng , Guo-Jun Qi

Semi-supervised learning methods have shown promising results in solving many practical problems when only a few labels are available. The existing methods assume that the class distributions of labeled and unlabeled data are equal;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Min Gu Kwak , Hyungu Kahng , Seoung Bum Kim

Negative sampling is highly effective in handling missing annotations for named entity recognition (NER). One of our contributions is an analysis on how it makes sense through introducing two insightful concepts: missampling and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Yangming Li , Lemao Liu , Shuming Shi

Contrastive learning has gained popularity and pushes state-of-the-art performance across numerous large-scale benchmarks. In contrastive learning, the contrastive loss function plays a pivotal role in discerning similarities between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Haojin Deng , Yimin Yang

Contrastive learning has become a key component of self-supervised learning approaches for computer vision. By learning to embed two augmented versions of the same image close to each other and to push the embeddings of different images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Yannis Kalantidis , Mert Bulent Sariyildiz , Noe Pion , Philippe Weinzaepfel , Diane Larlus

Semi-supervised learning, i.e. jointly learning from labeled and unlabeled samples, is an active research topic due to its key role on relaxing human supervision. In the context of image classification, recent advances to learn from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Eric Arazo , Diego Ortego , Paul Albert , Noel E. O'Connor , Kevin McGuinness

Contrastive Learning has emerged as a powerful representation learning method and facilitates various downstream tasks especially when supervised data is limited. How to construct efficient contrastive samples through data augmentation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Yangkai Du , Tengfei Ma , Lingfei Wu , Fangli Xu , Xuhong Zhang , Bo Long , Shouling Ji

One of the challenges in contrastive learning is the selection of appropriate \textit{hard negative} examples, in the absence of label information. Random sampling or importance sampling methods based on feature similarity often lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Afrina Tabassum , Muntasir Wahed , Hoda Eldardiry , Ismini Lourentzou

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has long been proved to be an effective technique to construct powerful models with limited labels. In the existing literature, consistency regularization-based methods, which force the perturbed samples to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Xihong Yang , Xiaochang Hu , Sihang Zhou , Xinwang Liu , En Zhu

In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective contrastive knowledge distillation framework that achieves sample-wise logit alignment while preserving semantic consistency. Conventional knowledge distillation approaches exhibit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Wencheng Zhu , Xin Zhou , Pengfei Zhu , Yu Wang , Qinghua Hu