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Related papers: Neural Inverse Text Normalization

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Inverse text normalization (ITN) is crucial for converting spoken-form into written-form, especially in the context of automatic speech recognition (ASR). While most downstream tasks of ASR rely on written-form, ASR systems often output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Juntae Kim , Minkyu Lim , Seokjin Hong

Inverse text normalization (ITN) converts spoken-domain automatic speech recognition (ASR) output into written-domain text to improve the readability of the ASR output. Many state-of-the-art ITN systems use hand-written weighted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Yang Zhang , Evelina Bakhturina , Kyle Gorman , Boris Ginsburg

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems typically yield output in lexical form. However, humans prefer a written form output. To bridge this gap, ASR systems usually employ Inverse Text Normalization (ITN). In previous works, Weighted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Yashesh Gaur , Nick Kibre , Jian Xue , Kangyuan Shu , Yuhui Wang , Issac Alphanso , Jinyu Li , Yifan Gong

With the emergence of automatic speech recognition (ASR) models, converting the spoken form text (from ASR) to the written form is in urgent need. This inverse text normalization (ITN) problem attracts the attention of researchers from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Szu-Jui Chen , Debjyoti Paul , Yutong Pang , Peng Su , Xuedong Zhang

Inverse text normalization (ITN) is used to convert the spoken form output of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system to a written form. Traditional handcrafted ITN rules can be complex to transcribe and maintain. Meanwhile neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Laxmi Pandey , Debjyoti Paul , Pooja Chitkara , Yutong Pang , Xuedong Zhang , Kjell Schubert , Mark Chou , Shu Liu , Yatharth Saraf

Text normalization (TN) and inverse text normalization (ITN) are essential preprocessing and postprocessing steps for text-to-speech synthesis and automatic speech recognition, respectively. Many methods have been proposed for either TN or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Tuan Manh Lai , Yang Zhang , Evelina Bakhturina , Boris Ginsburg , Heng Ji

Text normalization (TN) systems in production are largely rule-based using weighted finite-state transducers (WFST). However, WFST-based systems struggle with ambiguous input when the normalized form is context-dependent. On the other hand,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Evelina Bakhturina , Yang Zhang , Boris Ginsburg

Inverse Text Normalization (ITN) is crucial for converting spoken Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) outputs into well-formatted written text, enhancing both readability and usability. Despite its importance, the integration of streaming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Luong Ho , Khanh Le , Vinh Pham , Bao Nguyen , Tan Tran , Duc Chau

Inverse text normalization (ITN) is an essential post-processing step in automatic speech recognition (ASR). It converts numbers, dates, abbreviations, and other semiotic classes from the spoken form generated by ASR to their written forms.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Alexandra Antonova , Evelina Bakhturina , Boris Ginsburg

Adapting End-to-End ASR models to out-of-domain datasets with text data is challenging. Factorized neural Transducer (FNT) aims to address this issue by introducing a separate vocabulary decoder to predict the vocabulary. Nonetheless, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Junzhe Liu , Jianwei Yu , Xie Chen

Recurrent Neural Network Transducer (RNN-T), like most end-to-end speech recognition model architectures, has an implicit neural network language model (NNLM) and cannot easily leverage unpaired text data during training. Previous work has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-28 Suyoun Kim , Yuan Shangguan , Jay Mahadeokar , Antoine Bruguier , Christian Fuegen , Michael L. Seltzer , Duc Le

Developing Text Normalization (TN) systems for Text-to-Speech (TTS) on new languages is hard. We propose a novel architecture to facilitate it for multiple languages while using data less than 3% of the size of the data used by the state of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Shubhi Tyagi , Antonio Bonafonte , Jaime Lorenzo-Trueba , Javier Latorre

This paper presents a challenge to the community: given a large corpus of written text aligned to its normalized spoken form, train an RNN to learn the correct normalization function. We present a data set of general text where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-01-26 Richard Sproat , Navdeep Jaitly

We perform text normalization, i.e. the transformation of words from the written to the spoken form, using a memory augmented neural network. With the addition of dynamic memory access and storage mechanism, we present a neural architecture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Subhojeet Pramanik , Aman Hussain

Finite-State Transducers (FSTs) are effective models for string-to-string rewriting tasks, often providing the efficiency necessary for high-performance applications, but constructing transducers by hand is difficult. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Michael Ginn , Alexis Palmer , Mans Hulden

Edit-based approaches have recently shown promising results on multiple monolingual sequence transduction tasks. In contrast to conventional sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models, which learn to generate text from scratch as they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Kostiantyn Omelianchuk , Vipul Raheja , Oleksandr Skurzhanskyi

Neural transducer is now the most popular end-to-end model for speech recognition, due to its naturally streaming ability. However, it is challenging to adapt it with text-only data. Factorized neural transducer (FNT) model was proposed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Rui Zhao , Jian Xue , Partha Parthasarathy , Veljko Miljanic , Jinyu Li

Features such as punctuation, capitalization, and formatting of entities are important for readability, understanding, and natural language processing tasks. However, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems produce spoken-form text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Sharman Tan , Piyush Behre , Nick Kibre , Issac Alphonso , Shuangyu Chang

Compared to hybrid automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems that use a modular architecture in which each component can be independently adapted to a new domain, recent end-to-end (E2E) ASR system are harder to customize due to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Samuel Thomas , Brian Kingsbury , George Saon , Hong-Kwang J. Kuo

The Recurrent Neural Network-Transducer (RNN-T) is widely adopted in end-to-end (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) tasks but depends heavily on large-scale, high-quality annotated data, which are often costly and difficult to obtain.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Dongji Gao , Chenda Liao , Changliang Liu , Matthew Wiesner , Leibny Paola Garcia , Daniel Povey , Sanjeev Khudanpur , Jian Wu
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