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The widespread adoption of the \emph{maximum mean discrepancy} (MMD) in goodness-of-fit testing has spurred extensive research on its statistical performance. However, recent studies indicate that the inherent structure of MMD may constrain…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-11 Shiwei Sang , Shao-Bo Lin , Xuehu Zhu

In this paper, we bound the error induced by using a weighted skeletonization of two data sets for computing a two sample test with kernel maximum mean discrepancy. The error is quantified in terms of the speed in which heat diffuses from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-12 Alexander Cloninger

Mean embeddings provide an extremely flexible and powerful tool in machine learning and statistics to represent probability distributions and define a semi-metric (MMD, maximum mean discrepancy; also called N-distance or energy distance),…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-05-17 Matthieu Lerasle , Zoltan Szabo , Timothee Mathieu , Guillaume Lecue

There exist some testing procedures based on the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) to address the challenge of model specification. However, they ignore the presence of estimated parameters in the case of composite null hypotheses. In this…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-10 Florian Brück , Jean-David Fermanian , Aleksey Min

This article provides a practical introduction to kernel discrepancies, focusing on the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD), the Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC), and the Kernel Stein Discrepancy (KSD). Various estimators for these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-03 Antonin Schrab

In machine learning, we are given a dataset of the form $\{(\mathbf{x}_j,y_j)\}_{j=1}^M$, drawn as i.i.d. samples from an unknown probability distribution $\mu$; the marginal distribution for the $\mathbf{x}_j$'s being $\mu^*$. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-11 H. N. Mhaskar , A. Cloninger , X. Cheng

We study two-sample variable selection: identifying variables that discriminate between the distributions of two sets of data vectors. Such variables help scientists understand the mechanisms behind dataset discrepancies. Although…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-06 Kensuke Mitsuzawa , Motonobu Kanagawa , Stefano Bortoli , Margherita Grossi , Paolo Papotti

This paper characterizes the maximum mean discrepancies (MMD) that metrize the weak convergence of probability measures for a wide class of kernels. More precisely, we prove that, on a locally compact, non-compact, Hausdorff space, the MMD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Carl-Johann Simon-Gabriel , Alessandro Barp , Bernhard Schölkopf , Lester Mackey

We propose a new one-sample test for normality in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS). Namely, we test the null-hypothesis of belonging to a given family of Gaussian distributions. Hence our procedure may be applied either to test…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-13 Jérémie Kellner , Alain Celisse

We establish quantitative rates of convergence for the empirical estimation of probability measures by means of the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) with power kernel $K_q(x,y) = -|x-y|^q$, $q \in (0,2)$. The resulting discrepancy is the…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Francesco Colasanto , Matteo Focardi , Massimo Fornasier , Francesco Mattesini

Bias evaluation is fundamental to trustworthy AI, both in terms of checking data quality and in terms of checking the outputs of AI systems. In testing data quality, for example, one may study the distance of a given dataset, viewed as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jiří Němeček , Mark Kozdoba , Illia Kryvoviaz , Tomáš Pevný , Jakub Mareček

We introduce a kernel-based goodness-of-fit test for censored data, where observations may be missing in random time intervals: a common occurrence in clinical trials and industrial life-testing. The test statistic is straightforward to…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-10-11 Tamara Fernández , Arthur Gretton

We propose novel kernel-based tests for assessing the equivalence between distributions. Traditional goodness-of-fit testing is inappropriate for concluding the absence of distributional differences, because failure to reject the null…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-17 Xing Liu , Axel Gandy

This paper adresses the problem of testing for the equality of $k$ probability distributions on Hilbert spaces, with $k\geqslant 2$. We introduce a generalization of the maximum variance discrepancy called multiple maximum variance…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-16 Armando Sosthène Kali Balogoun , Guy Martial Nkiet

The Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) has found numerous applications in statistics and machine learning, most recently as a penalty in the Wasserstein Auto-Encoder (WAE). In this paper we compute closed-form expressions for estimating the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-03 Raif M. Rustamov

We investigate the training and performance of generative adversarial networks using the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) as critic, termed MMD GANs. As our main theoretical contribution, we clarify the situation with bias in GAN loss…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-15 Mikołaj Bińkowski , Danica J. Sutherland , Michael Arbel , Arthur Gretton

We construct a Wasserstein gradient flow of the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) and study its convergence properties. The MMD is an integral probability metric defined for a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), and serves as a metric on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-04 Michael Arbel , Anna Korba , Adil Salim , Arthur Gretton

In some misspecified settings, the posterior distribution in Bayesian statistics may lead to inconsistent estimates. To fix this issue, it has been suggested to replace the likelihood by a pseudo-likelihood, that is the exponential of a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-12-12 Badr-Eddine Chérief-Abdellatif , Pierre Alquier

A key element in transfer learning is representation learning; if representations can be developed that expose the relevant factors underlying the data, then new tasks and domains can be learned readily based on mappings of these salient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-12-18 Yujia Li , Kevin Swersky , Richard Zemel

The two-sample hypothesis testing problem is studied for the challenging scenario of high dimensional data sets with small sample sizes. We show that the two-sample hypothesis testing problem can be posed as a one-class set classification…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-15 Hamed Masnadi-Shirazi