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The threat from ransomware continues to grow both in the number of affected victims as well as the cost incurred by the people and organisations impacted in a successful attack. In the majority of cases, once a victim has been attacked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Simon R Davies , Richard Macfarlane , William J Buchanan

Ransomware can prevent a user from accessing a device and its files until a ransom is paid to the attacker, most frequently in Bitcoin. With over 500 known ransomware families, it has become one of the dominant cybercrime threats for law…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-12 Masarah Paquet-Clouston , Bernhard Haslhofer , Benoit Dupont

We present an approach to identifying which ransomware adversaries are most likely to target specific entities, thereby assisting these entities in formulating better protection strategies. Ransomware poses a formidable cybersecurity threat…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Spencer Massengale , Philip Huff

Decentralized systems, such as distributed ledgers and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), are designed to offer more open and robust services. However, they also create opportunities for illegal activities. We demonstrate how these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Christos Karapapas , Iakovos Pittaras , Nikos Fotiou , George C. Polyzos

In recent years, ransomware has been one of the most notorious malware targeting end users, governments, and business organizations. It has become a very profitable business for cybercriminals with revenues of millions of dollars, and a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Harun Oz , Ahmet Aris , Albert Levi , A. Selcuk Uluagac

Ransomware is a malicious class of software that utilises encryption to implement an attack on system availability. The target's data remains encrypted and is held captive by the attacker until a ransom demand is met. A common approach used…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Simon R Davies , Richard Macfarlane , William J. Buchanan

Ransomware can produce direct and controllable economic loss, which makes it one of the most prominent threats in cyber security. As per the latest statistics, more than half of malwares reported in Q1 of 2017 are ransomware and there is a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Manaar Alam , Sarani Bhattacharya , Debdeep Mukhopadhyay , Anupam Chattopadhyay

Ransomware can produce direct and controllable economic loss, which makes it one of the most prominent threats in cyber security. As per the latest statistics, more than half of malwares reported in Q1 of 2017 are ransomwares and there is a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Manaar Alam , Sayan Sinha , Sarani Bhattacharya , Swastika Dutta , Debdeep Mukhopadhyay , Anupam Chattopadhyay

Ransomware attacks continue to wreak havoc across the globe, with public reports of total ransomware payments topping billions of dollars annually. While the use of cryptocurrency presents an avenue to understand the tactics of ransomware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Jack Cable , Ian W. Gray , Damon McCoy

Ransomware has become an increasingly popular type of malware across the past decade and continues to rise in popularity due to its high profitability. Organisations and enterprises have become prime targets for ransomware as they are more…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Grant McDonald , Pavlos Papadopoulos , Nikolaos Pitropakis , Jawad Ahmad , William J. Buchanan

Malware writers frequently try to hide the activities of their agents within tunnelled traffic. Within the Kill Chain model the infection time is often measured in seconds, and if the infection is not detected and blocked, the malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Peter McLaren , William J Buchanan , Gordon Russell , Zhiyuan Tan

We investigate the criminal market dynamics of infostealer malware and publish three evidence datasets on malware infections and trade. We justify the value chain between illicit enterprises using the datasets, compare the prices and added…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Juha Nurmi , Mikko Niemelä , Billy Bob Brumley

Among many prevailing malware, crypto-ransomware poses a significant threat as it financially extorts affected users by creating denial of access via unauthorized encryption of their documents as well as holding their documents hostage and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Nitin Pundir , Mark Tehranipoor , Fahim Rahman

Although ransomware has received broad attention in media and research, this evolving threat vector still poses a systematic threat. Related literature has explored their detection using various approaches leveraging Machine and Deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Jan von der Assen , Chao Feng , Alberto Huertas Celdrán , Róbert Oleš , Gérôme Bovet , Burkhard Stiller

Crypto-ransomware attacks have been a growing threat over the last few years. The goal of every ransomware strain is encrypting user data, such that attackers can later demand users a ransom for unlocking their data. To maximise their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Marco Venturini , Francesco Freda , Emanuele Miotto , Mauro Conti , Alberto Giaretta

Currently, different forms of ransomware are increasingly threatening Internet users. Modern ransomware encrypts important user data and it is only possible to recover it once a ransom has been paid. In this paper we show how…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Krzysztof Cabaj , Wojciech Mazurczyk

Proliferation of cryptocurrencies (e.g., Bitcoin) that allow pseudo-anonymous transactions, has made it easier for ransomware developers to demand ransom by encrypting sensitive user data. The recently revealed strikes of ransomware attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora , Yitao Li , Yulia R. Gel , Murat Kantarcioglu

Ransomware poses a serious and fast-acting threat to critical systems, often encrypting files within seconds of execution. Research indicates that ransomware is the most reported cybercrime in terms of financial damage, highlighting the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Busra Caliskan , Ibrahim Gulatas , H. Hakan Kilinc , A. Halim Zaim

Ransomware has become one of the most widespread threats, primarily due to its easy deployment and the accessibility to services that enable attackers to raise and obfuscate funds. This latter aspect has been significantly enhanced with the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Francesco Zola , Mikel Gorricho , Jon Ander Medina , Lander Segurola , Raul Orduna-Urrutia

Comprehensive case studies on malicious code mostly focus on botnets and worms (recently revived with IoT devices), prominent pieces of malware or Advanced Persistent Threats, exploit kits, and ransomware. However, adware seldom receives…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Xavier de Carné de Carnavalet , Mohammad Mannan