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In HTTP Adaptive Streaming, video content is conventionally encoded by adapting its spatial resolution and quantization level to best match the prevailing network state and display characteristics. It is well known that the traditional…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-17 Angeliki V. Katsenou , Fan Zhang , Kyle Swanson , Mariana Afonso , Joel Sole , David R. Bull

Adaptive video streaming requires efficient bitrate ladder construction to meet heterogeneous network conditions and end-user demands. Per-title optimized encoding typically traverses numerous encoding parameters to search the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Jinhai Yang , Mengxi Guo , Shijie Zhao , Junlin Li , Li Zhang

Pareto-front optimization is crucial for addressing the multi-objective challenges in video streaming, enabling the identification of optimal trade-offs between conflicting goals such as bitrate, video quality, and decoding complexity. This…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-30 Angeliki Katsenou , Vignesh V Menon , Adam Wieckowski , Benjamin Bross , Detlev Marpe

Changing the encoding parameters, in particular the video resolution, is a common practice before transcoding. To this end, streaming and broadcast platforms benefit from so-called bitrate ladders to determine the optimal resolution for…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 Fatemeh Nasiri , Wassim Hamidouche , Luce Morin , Nicolas Dholland , Jean-Yves Aubié

Recently proposed perceptually optimized per-title video encoding methods provide better BD-rate savings than fixed bitrate-ladder approaches that have been employed in the past. However, a disadvantage of per-title encoding is that it…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Krishna Srikar Durbha , Hassene Tmar , Cosmin Stejerean , Ioannis Katsavounidis , Alan C. Bovik

Over the past few years, per-title and per-shot video encoding techniques have demonstrated significant gains as compared to conventional techniques such as constant CRF encoding and the fixed bitrate ladder. These techniques have…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Krishna Srikar Durbha , Hassene Tmar , Ping-Hao Wu , Ioannis Katsavounidis , Alan C. Bovik

Adaptive video streaming is a key enabler for optimising the delivery of offline encoded video content. The research focus to date has been on optimisation, based solely on rate-quality curves. This paper adds an additional dimension, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-13 Angeliki Katsenou , Xinyi Wang , Daniel Schien , David Bull

Adaptive video streaming has facilitated improved video streaming over the past years. A balance among coding performance objectives such as bitrate, video quality, and decoding complexity is required to achieve efficient, content- and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-16 Angeliki Katsenou , Vignesh V. Menon , Guoda Laurinaviciute , Benjamin Bross , Detlev Marpe

HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) has emerged as a prevalent approach for over-the-top (OTT) video streaming services due to its ability to deliver a seamless user experience. A fundamental component of HAS is the bitrate ladder, which…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-12 Ahmed Telili , Wassim Hamidouche , Hadi Amirpour , Sid Ahmed Fezza , Luce Morin , Christian Timmerer

Providing high-quality video with efficient bitrate is a main challenge in video industry. The traditional one-size-fits-all scheme for bitrate ladders is inefficient and reaching the best content-aware decision computationally impractical…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Ali Falahati , Mohammad Karim Safavi , Ardavan Elahi , Farhad Pakdaman , Moncef Gabbouj

Video service providers need their delivery systems to be able to adapt to network conditions, user preferences, display settings, and other factors. HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) offers dynamic switching between different video…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Krishna Srikar Durbha , Alan C. Bovik

With the emergence of multiple modern video codecs, streaming service providers are forced to encode, store, and transmit bitrate ladders of multiple codecs separately, consequently suffering from additional energy costs for encoding,…

Adaptive video streaming relies on the construction of efficient bitrate ladders to deliver the best possible visual quality to viewers under bandwidth constraints. The traditional method of content dependent bitrate ladder selection…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Somdyuti Paul , Andrey Norkin , Alan C. Bovik

Given the significant industrial growth of demand for virtual reality (VR), 360{\deg} video streaming is one of the most important VR applications that require cost-optimal solutions to achieve widespread proliferation of VR technology.…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Cagri Ozcinar , Ana De Abreu , Sebastian Knorr , Aljosa Smolic

Traditional per-title encoding schemes aim to optimize encoding resolutions to deliver the highest perceptual quality for each representation. However, keeping the encoding time within an acceptable threshold for a smooth user experience is…

In live streaming applications, a fixed set of bitrate-resolution pairs (known as bitrate ladder) is generally used to avoid additional pre-processing run-time to analyze the complexity of every video content and determine the optimized…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Vignesh V Menon , Hadi Amirpour , Prajit T Rajendran , Mohammad Ghanbari , Christian Timmerer

Adaptive streaming of segmented video over HTTP typically relies on a predefined set of bitrate-resolution pairs, known as a bitrate ladder. However, fixed ladders often overlook variations in content and decoding complexities, leading to…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Reza Farahani , Zoha Azimi , Vignesh V Menon , Hermann Hellwagner , Radu Prodan , Schahram Dustdar , Christian Timmerer

By 2022, we expect video traffic to reach 82% of the total internet traffic. Undoubtedly, the abundance of video-driven applications will likely lead internet video traffic percentage to a further increase in the near future, enabled by…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Gangadharan Esakki , Andreas Panayides , Venkatesh Jatla , Marios Pattichis

Optimizing framerate for a given bitrate-spatial resolution pair in adaptive video streaming is essential to maintain perceptual quality while considering decoding complexity. Low framerates at low bitrates reduce compression artifacts and…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Prajit T Rajendran , Samira Afzal , Vignesh V Menon , Christian Timmerer

HTTP video streaming is in wide use to deliver video over the Internet. With HTTP adaptive steaming, a video playback dynamically selects a video stream from a pre-encoded representation based on available bandwidth and viewport (screen)…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Chao Chen , Yao-Chung Lin , Anil Kokaram , Steve Benting
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