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What does it mean for an algorithm to be fair? Different papers use different notions of algorithmic fairness, and although these appear internally consistent, they also seem mutually incompatible. We present a mathematical setting in which…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Sorelle A. Friedler , Carlos Scheidegger , Suresh Venkatasubramanian

Algorithmic fairness is a new interdisciplinary field of study focused on how to measure whether a process, or algorithm, may unintentionally produce unfair outcomes, as well as whether or how the potential unfairness of such processes can…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2022-08-18 John W. Patty , Elizabeth Maggie Penn

Existing approaches to algorithmic fairness aim to ensure equitable outcomes if human decision-makers comply perfectly with algorithmic decisions. However, perfect compliance with the algorithm is rarely a reality or even a desirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haosen Ge , Hamsa Bastani , Osbert Bastani

Discrimination via algorithmic decision making has received considerable attention. Prior work largely focuses on defining conditions for fairness, but does not define satisfactory measures of algorithmic unfairness. In this paper, we focus…

What is the best way to define algorithmic fairness? While many definitions of fairness have been proposed in the computer science literature, there is no clear agreement over a particular definition. In this work, we investigate ordinary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-29 Nripsuta Saxena , Karen Huang , Evan DeFilippis , Goran Radanovic , David Parkes , Yang Liu

Algorithmic systems increasingly function as epistemic infrastructures that govern the conditions of interpretative access and social belief. Yet, mainstream auditing strategies operationalize fairness primarily in predictive terms - error…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Camilla Quaresmini , Lisa Piccinin , Valentina Breschi

The rapid growth of data in the recent years has led to the development of complex learning algorithms that are often used to make decisions in real world. While the positive impact of the algorithms has been tremendous, there is a need to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Ankit Kulshrestha , Ilya Safro

Fair predictive algorithms hinge on both equality and trust, yet inherent uncertainty in real-world data challenges our ability to make consistent, fair, and calibrated decisions. While fairly managing predictive error has been extensively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Lucas Rosenblatt , R. Teal Witter

Most existing notions of algorithmic fairness are one-shot: they ensure some form of allocative equality at the time of decision making, but do not account for the adverse impact of the algorithmic decisions today on the long-term welfare…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Hoda Heidari , Vedant Nanda , Krishna P. Gummadi

Ensuring algorithmic fairness remains a significant challenge in machine learning, particularly as models are increasingly applied across diverse domains. While numerous fairness criteria exist, they often lack generalizability across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhecheng Sheng , Jiawei Zhang , Enmao Diao

In a world of daily emerging scientific inquisition and discovery, the prolific launch of machine learning across industries comes to little surprise for those familiar with the potential of ML. Neither so should the congruent expansion of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Brianna Richardson , Juan E. Gilbert

Existing mathematical notions of fairness fail to account for the context of decision-making. We argue that moral consideration of contextual factors is an inherently human task. So we present a framework to learn context-aware mathematical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Mohammad Yaghini , Andreas Krause , Hoda Heidari

We study fairness in classification, where individuals are classified, e.g., admitted to a university, and the goal is to prevent discrimination against individuals based on their membership in some group, while maintaining utility for the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-11-30 Cynthia Dwork , Moritz Hardt , Toniann Pitassi , Omer Reingold , Rich Zemel

Employers are adopting algorithmic hiring technology throughout the recruitment pipeline. Algorithmic fairness is especially applicable in this domain due to its high stakes and structural inequalities. Unfortunately, most work in this…

In the past few years, there has been much work on incorporating fairness requirements into algorithmic rankers, with contributions coming from the data management, algorithms, information retrieval, and recommender systems communities. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Meike Zehlike , Ke Yang , Julia Stoyanovich

People are rated and ranked, towards algorithmic decision making in an increasing number of applications, typically based on machine learning. Research on how to incorporate fairness into such tasks has prevalently pursued the paradigm of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-07 Preethi Lahoti , Krishna P. Gummadi , Gerhard Weikum

Understanding and removing bias from the decisions made by machine learning models is essential to avoid discrimination against unprivileged groups. Despite recent progress in algorithmic fairness, there is still no clear answer as to which…

Algorithmic fairness research has traditionally been linked to the disciplines of philosophy, ethics, and economics, where notions of fairness are prescriptive and seek objectivity. Increasingly, however, scholars are turning to the study…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Jacqueline Hannan , Huei-Yen Winnie Chen , Kenneth Joseph

Algorithmic fairness has attracted increasing attention in the machine learning community. Various definitions are proposed in the literature, but the differences and connections among them are not clearly addressed. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Zeyu Tang , Jiji Zhang , Kun Zhang

Fairness is a growing concern for high-risk decision-making using Artificial Intelligence (AI) but ensuring it through purely technical means is challenging: there is no universally accepted fairness measure, fairness is context-dependent,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Evdoxia Taka , Yuri Nakao , Ryosuke Sonoda , Takuya Yokota , Lin Luo , Simone Stumpf