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Counting propositional logic was recently introduced in relation to randomized computation and shown able to logically characterize the full counting hierarchy. In this paper we aim to clarify the intuitive meaning and expressive power of…
Motivated by independent results of Bizley and Duchon, we study rational Dyck paths and their subset of factor-free elements. On the one hand, we give a bijection between rational Dyck paths and regular Dyck paths with ascents colored by…
Analyzing relational languages by their logical expressiveness is well understood. Something not well understood or even formalized is the vague concept of relational query patterns. What are query patterns? And how can we reason about…
In the former article "Formal mathematical systems including a structural induction principle" we have presented a unified theory for formal mathematical systems including recursive systems closely related to formal grammars, including the…
Recent research argues that exact recursive numeral systems optimize communicative efficiency by balancing a tradeoff between the size of the numeral lexicon and the average morphosyntactic complexity (roughly length in morphemes) of…
We pose 100 new conjectures on representations involving primes or related things, which might interest number theorists and stimulate further research. Below are five typical examples: (i) For any positive integer $n$, there exists…
Logical formalisms provide a natural and concise means for specifying and reasoning about preferences. In this paper, we propose lexicographic logic, an extension of classical propositional logic that can express a variety of preferences,…
Dyck paths (also balanced brackets and Dyck words) are among the most heavily studied Catalan families. This paper is a continuation of [2, 3]. In the paper we enumerate the terms of the OEIS A036991, Dyck numbers, and construct a…
Syntactic parsing is a key task in natural language processing. This task has been dominated by symbolic, grammar-based parsers. Neural networks, with their distributed representations, are challenging these methods. In this article we show…
In this article, we prove that Dirac brackets for Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian constrained systems can be derived recursively. We then study the applicability of that formulation in analysis of some interesting physical models.…
Several types of term rewriting systems can be distinguished by the way their rules overlap. In particular, we define the classes of prefix, suffix, bottom-up and top-down systems, which generalize similar classes on words. Our aim is to…
A rational number is dyadic if it has a finite binary representation $p/2^k$, where $p$ is an integer and $k$ is a nonnegative integer. Dyadic rationals are important for numerical computations because they have an exact representation in…
We define a sequence of positive integers recursively, where each term is determined as follows: starting with a given positive integer, if the term is odd, the next is the sum of its positive divisors; if the term is even, the subsequent…
Trees or rooted trees have been generously studied in the literature. A forest is a set of trees or rooted trees. Here we give recurrence relations between the number of some kind of rooted forest with $k$ roots and that with $k+1$ roots on…
A sound and complete algorithm for nominal unification of higher-order expressions with a recursive let is described, and shown to run in non-deterministic polynomial time. We also explore specializations like nominal letrec-matching for…
We introduce a method to derive theorems from Elementary Number Theory by means of relationships among formal languages. Using $\sigma$-algebras, we define what a proof of a number-theoretical statement by Language Theory means. We prove…
A numeral system is an infinite sequence of different closed normal $\lambda$-terms intended to code the integers in $\lambda$-calculus. H. Barendregt has shown that if we can represent, for a numeral system, the functions : Successor,…
We investigate the expressive power of regular expressions for languages of countable words and establish their expressive equivalence with logical and algebraic characterizations. Our goal is to extend the classical theory of regular…
The use of monoids in the study of word languages recognized by finite-state automata has been quite fruitful. In this work, we look at the same idea of "recognizability by finite monoids" for other monoids. In particular, we attempt to…
In this note, we construct and study an algebraic system similar to the natural numbers, but with noncommutative addition. The addition we introduce is a binary operation that commutes with itself in the sense of N. Durov. Neverheless, the…