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Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs) are revolutionizing the generation of human-like text, producing contextually relevant and syntactically correct content. Despite challenges like biases and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Alper Yaman , Jannik Schwab , Christof Nitsche , Abhirup Sinha , Marco Huber

Natural Language Processing (NLP) research is increasingly focusing on the use of Large Language Models (LLMs), with some of the most popular ones being either fully or partially closed-source. The lack of access to model details,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Simone Balloccu , Patrícia Schmidtová , Mateusz Lango , Ondřej Dušek

Millions of clinicians use ChatGPT to support clinical care, but evaluations of the most common use cases in model-clinician conversations are limited. We introduce HealthBench Professional, an open benchmark for evaluating large language…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for analytical tasks, yet their effectiveness in real-world applications remains underexamined, partly due to the opacity of proprietary models. We evaluate ChatGPT (GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Jonas Oppenlaender , Joonas Hämäläinen

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT-3, have demonstrated remarkable natural language processing and generation capabilities and have been applied to a variety tasks, such as source code generation. This paper explores the potential of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Simon Diemert , Jens H Weber

Background: Artificial intelligence language models have shown promise in various applications, including assisting with clinical decision-making as demonstrated by strong performance of large language models on medical licensure exams.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Timothy Poterucha , Pierre Elias , Christopher M. Haggerty

The emergence of ChatGPT has generated much speculation in the press about its potential to disrupt social and economic systems. Its astonishing language ability has aroused strong curiosity among scholars about its performance in different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Rui Mao , Guanyi Chen , Xulang Zhang , Frank Guerin , Erik Cambria

With the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs), many downstream NLP tasks can be well solved given appropriate prompts. Though model developers and researchers work hard on dialog safety to avoid generating harmful content from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Haoran Li , Dadi Guo , Wei Fan , Mingshi Xu , Jie Huang , Fanpu Meng , Yangqiu Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and its competitors have caused a revolution in natural language processing, but their capabilities also introduce new security vulnerabilities. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into academic research pipelines; however, the Terms of Service governing their use remain under-examined. We present a comparative analysis of the Terms of Service of five major LLM…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Brittany I. Davidson , Kate Muir , Florian A. D. Burnat , Adam N. Joinson

Applications built on top of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 represent a revolution in AI due to their human-level capabilities in natural language processing. However, they also pose many significant risks such as the presence…

The premise of this article is that a basic understanding of the composition and functioning of large language models is critically urgent. To that end, we extract a representational map of OpenAI's GPT-2 with what we articulate as two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Minh Hua , Rita Raley

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the domain of Large Language Models (LLMs) and generative AI, has opened new avenues for application across various fields, yet its role in business education remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Vahid Ashrafimoghari , Necdet Gürkan , Jordan W. Suchow

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), there is a pressing need for a comprehensive evaluation suite to assess their capabilities and limitations. Existing LLM leaderboards often reference scores reported in other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Shen Zheng , Yuyu Zhang , Yijie Zhu , Chenguang Xi , Pengyang Gao , Xun Zhou , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang

GPT has become nearly synonymous with large language models (LLMs), an increasingly popular term in AIED proceedings. A simple keyword-based search reveals that 61% of the 76 long and short papers presented at AIED 2024 describe novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Yumou Wei , Paulo Carvalho , John Stamper

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a transformative development in artificial intelligence (AI), drawing significant attention from industry and academia. Trained on vast datasets, these sophisticated AI systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Oudom Hean , Utsha Saha , Binita Saha

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently showcased their remarkable capacities, not only in natural language processing tasks but also across diverse domains such as clinical medicine, legal consultation, and education. LLMs become more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Jen-tse Huang , Wenxuan Wang , Eric John Li , Man Ho Lam , Shujie Ren , Youliang Yuan , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhaopeng Tu , Michael R. Lyu

Despite increasing discussions on open-source Artificial Intelligence (AI), existing research lacks a discussion on the transparency and accessibility of state-of-the-art (SoTA) Large Language Models (LLMs). The Open Source Initiative (OSI)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Ranjan Sapkota , Shaina Raza , Manoj Karkee

The progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT raises the question of how they can be integrated into education. One hope is that they can support mathematics learning, including word-problem solving. Since LLMs can handle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anselm R. Strohmaier , Wim Van Dooren , Kathrin Seßler , Brian Greer , Lieven Verschaffel

Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as promising tools for mental health care, offering scalable support through their ability to generate human-like responses. However, the effectiveness of these models in clinical settings remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Yining Hua , Hongbin Na , Zehan Li , Fenglin Liu , Xiao Fang , David Clifton , John Torous