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We initiate the study of structured Stackelberg games, a novel form of strategic interaction between a leader and a follower where contextual information can be predictive of the follower's (unknown) type. Motivated by applications such as…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Maria-Florina Balcan , Kiriaki Fragkia , Keegan Harris

The increasing prevalence of multi-agent learning systems in society necessitates understanding how to learn effective and safe policies in general-sum multi-agent environments against a variety of opponents, including self-play.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Jake Levi , Chris Lu , Timon Willi , Christian Schroeder de Witt , Jakob Foerster

We consider the problem of efficiently learning to play single-leader multi-follower Stackelberg games when the leader lacks knowledge of the lower-level game. Such games arise in hierarchical decision-making problems involving…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-11 Anna Maddux , Marko Maljkovic , Nikolas Geroliminis , Maryam Kamgarpour

We study the problem of computing Stackelberg equilibria Stackelberg games whose underlying structure is in congestion games, focusing on the case where each player can choose a single resource (a.k.a. singleton congestion games) and one of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Matteo Castiglioni , Alberto Marchesi , Nicola Gatti , Stefano Coniglio

Effective game-theoretic modeling of defender-attacker behavior is becoming increasingly important. In many domains, the defender functions not only as a player but also the designer of the game's payoff structure. We study Stackelberg…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Zheyuan Ryan Shi , Ziye Tang , Long Tran-Thanh , Rohit Singh , Fei Fang

We study the problem of online learning in Stackelberg games with side information between a leader and a sequence of followers. In every round the leader observes contextual information and commits to a mixed strategy, after which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maria-Florina Balcan , Martino Bernasconi , Matteo Castiglioni , Andrea Celli , Keegan Harris , Zhiwei Steven Wu

Subgame solving is a technique for scaling algorithms to large games by locally refining a precomputed blueprint strategy during gameplay. While straightforward in perfect-information games where search starts from the current state,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ondrej Kubicek , Viliam Lisy , Tuomas Sandholm

In this paper, we are concerned with the stabilizatbility of Stackelberg game-based systems. In particular, two players are involved in the system where one is the follower to minimize the related cost function and the other is the leader…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-04 Yue Sun , Juanjuan Xu , Huanshui Zhang

Effective enforcement of laws and policies requires expending resources to prevent and detect offenders, as well as appropriate punishment schemes to deter violators. In particular, enforcement of privacy laws and policies in modern…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-03-06 Jeremiah Blocki , Nicolas Christin , Anupam Datta , Ariel D. Procaccia , Arunesh Sinha

Nash equilibrium is one of the most influential solution concepts in game theory. With the development of computer science and artificial intelligence, there is an increasing demand on Nash equilibrium computation, especially for Internet…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Hanyu Li , Wenhan Huang , Zhijian Duan , David Henry Mguni , Kun Shao , Jun Wang , Xiaotie Deng

We propose a model for games in which the players have shared access to a blockchain that allows them to deploy smart contracts to act on their behalf. This changes fundamental game-theoretic assumptions about rationality since a contract…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Mathias Hall-Andersen , Nikolaj I. Schwartzbach

In multi-agent problems requiring a high degree of cooperation, success often depends on the ability of the agents to adapt to each other's behavior. A natural solution concept in such settings is the Stackelberg equilibrium, in which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Robert Loftin , Mustafa Mert Çelikok , Herke van Hoof , Samuel Kaski , Frans A. Oliehoek

Despite the many recent practical and theoretical breakthroughs in computational game theory, equilibrium finding in extensive-form team games remains a significant challenge. While NP-hard in the worst case, there are provably efficient…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Brian Hu Zhang , Tuomas Sandholm

We study a continuous-time stochastic Stackelberg game in which a leader seeks to accomplish a primary objective while inferring a hidden parameter of a rational follower. The follower solves an entropy-regularized tracking problem and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Ruimeng Hu , Daniel Ralston , Xu Yang , Haosheng Zhou

We study a Stackelberg variant of the classical discrete-time Dynkin game, in which Player 1 (the leader) commits to a stopping strategy first and Player 2 (the follower) responds optimally. This leader-follower structure induces an optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Jingjie Zhang , Zhou Zhou

There has been significant recent interest in leader-follower security games, where the leader dominates the decision process with the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) strategy. However, such a leader-follower scheme may become invalid in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Gehui Xu , Guanpu Chen , Zhaoyang Cheng , Yiguang Hong , Hongsheng Qi

Stackelberg security games are a critical tool for maximizing the utility of limited defense resources to protect important targets from an intelligent adversary. Motivated by green security, where the defender may only observe an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-24 Andrew Perrault , Bryan Wilder , Eric Ewing , Aditya Mate , Bistra Dilkina , Milind Tambe

We study the problem of computing an Extensive-Form Perfect Equilibrium (EFPE) in 2-player games. This equilibrium concept refines the Nash equilibrium requiring resilience w.r.t. a specific vanishing perturbation (representing mistakes of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-16 Gabriele Farina , Nicola Gatti

In a Stackelberg game, a leader commits to a randomized strategy, and a follower chooses their best strategy in response. We consider an extension of a standard Stackelberg game, called a discrete-time dynamic Stackelberg game, that has an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Niklas Lauffer , Mahsa Ghasemi , Abolfazl Hashemi , Yagiz Savas , Ufuk Topcu

This paper addresses a Stackelberg stochastic linear-quadratic (LQ) differential game under closed-loop information, a problem inherently time-inconsistent. Existing approaches rely on solving two coupled Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-27 Qi Lü , Bowen Ma , Hanxiao Wang