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We present a new methodology for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) images by utilizing norms of the score estimates at multiple noise scales. A score is defined to be the gradient of the log density with respect to the input data. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Ahsan Mahmood , Junier Oliva , Martin Styner

Deploying machine learning in open environments presents the challenge of encountering diverse test inputs that differ significantly from the training data. These out-of-distribution samples may exhibit shifts in local or global features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jiawei Li , Sitong Li , Shanshan Wang , Yicheng Zeng , Falong Tan , Chuanlong Xie

Various approaches have been proposed for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection by augmenting models, input examples, training sets, and optimization objectives. Deviating from existing work, we have a simple hypothesis that standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Xin Dong , Junfeng Guo , Ang Li , Wei-Te Ting , Cong Liu , H. T. Kung

Recent advances in deep learning have led to breakthroughs in the development of automated skin disease classification. As we observe an increasing interest in these models in the dermatology space, it is crucial to address aspects such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Hannah Kim , Girmaw Abebe Tadesse , Celia Cintas , Skyler Speakman , Kush Varshney

We consider the problem of detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in deep reinforcement learning. In a value based reinforcement learning setting, we propose to use uncertainty estimation techniques directly on the agent's value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Andreas Sedlmeier , Thomas Gabor , Thomy Phan , Lenz Belzner , Claudia Linnhoff-Popien

The core of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to learn the in-distribution (ID) representation, which is distinguishable from OOD samples. Previous work applied recognition-based methods to learn the ID features, which tend to learn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Zexin He , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

Identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) data at inference time is crucial for many machine learning applications, especially for automation. We present a novel unsupervised semi-parametric framework COMBOOD for OOD detection with respect to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Magesh Rajasekaran , Md Saiful Islam Sajol , Frej Berglind , Supratik Mukhopadhyay , Kamalika Das

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for model trustworthiness which aims to sensitively identify semantic OOD samples and robustly generalize for covariate-shifted OOD samples. However, we discover that the superior OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Qingyang Zhang , Qiuxuan Feng , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Yatao Bian , Qinghua Hu , Changqing Zhang

Deep neural networks suffer from the overconfidence issue in the open world, meaning that classifiers could yield confident, incorrect predictions for out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. Thus, it is an urgent and challenging task to detect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Qiuyu Zhu , Guohui Zheng , Yingying Yan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the problem of identifying inputs which are unrelated to the in-distribution task. The OOD detection performance when the in-distribution (ID) is ImageNet-1K is commonly being tested on a small range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Julian Bitterwolf , Maximilian Müller , Matthias Hein

Deep neural networks (DNNs) deployed in real-world applications can encounter out-of-distribution (OOD) data and adversarial examples. These represent distinct forms of distributional shifts that can significantly impact DNNs' reliability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Naveen Karunanayake , Ravin Gunawardena , Suranga Seneviratne , Sanjay Chawla

To detect distribution shifts and improve model safety, many out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods rely on the predictive uncertainty or features of supervised models trained on in-distribution data. In this paper, we critically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yucen Lily Li , Daohan Lu , Polina Kirichenko , Shikai Qiu , Tim G. J. Rudner , C. Bayan Bruss , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Numerous machine learning (ML) models have been developed, including those for software engineering (SE) tasks, under the assumption that training and testing data come from the same distribution. However, training and testing distributions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yanfu Yan , Viet Duong , Huajie Shao , Denys Poshyvanyk

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an essential approach to robustifying deep learning models, enabling them to identify inputs that fall outside of their trained distribution. Existing OOD detection methods usually depend on crafted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Yifan Wu , Xichen Ye , Songmin Dai , Dengye Pan , Xiaoqiang Li , Weizhong Zhang , Yifan Chen

Out-of-distribution detection is an important capability that has long eluded vanilla neural networks. Deep Neural networks (DNNs) tend to generate over-confident predictions when presented with inputs that are significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Sumedh A Sontakke , Buvaneswari Ramanan , Laurent Itti , Thomas Woo

Deep neural networks achieve superior performance in challenging tasks such as image classification. However, deep classifiers tend to incorrectly classify out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, which are inputs that do not belong to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Vahdat Abdelzad , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Rick Salay , Taylor Denounden , Sachin Vernekar , Buu Phan

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a principal task for ensuring the safety of deploying deep-neural-network classifiers in open-set scenarios. OOD samples can be drawn from arbitrary distributions and exhibit deviations from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Choubo Ding , Guansong Pang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for identifying test samples that deviate from in-distribution (ID) data, ensuring network robustness and reliability. This paper presents a flexible framework for OOD knowledge distillation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Zhilin Zhao , Longbing Cao , Yixuan Zhang , Kun-Yu Lin , Wei-Shi Zheng

A crucial requirement for machine learning algorithms is not only to perform well, but also to show robustness and adaptability when encountering novel scenarios. One way to achieve these characteristics is to endow the deep learning models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Eduardo Aguilar , Bogdan Raducanu , Petia Radeva

Modern deep neural network models are known to erroneously classify out-of-distribution (OOD) test data into one of the in-distribution (ID) training classes with high confidence. This can have disastrous consequences for safety-critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Ramya S. Hebbalaguppe , Soumya Suvra Goshal , Jatin Prakash , Harshad Khadilkar , Chetan Arora
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