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When evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in question answering domains, it is common to ask the model to choose among a fixed set of choices (so-called multiple-choice question-answering, or MCQA). Although downstream tasks of interest…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Narun Raman , Taylor Lundy , Kevin Leyton-Brown

Answers to the same question may change depending on the extra-linguistic contexts (when and where the question was asked). To study this challenge, we introduce SituatedQA, an open-retrieval QA dataset where systems must produce the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Michael J. Q. Zhang , Eunsol Choi

Question-answering (QA) tasks often investigate specific question types, knowledge domains, or reasoning skills, leading to specialized models catering to specific categories of QA tasks. While recent research has explored the idea of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Srijan Bansal , Semih Yavuz , Bo Pang , Meghana Bhat , Yingbo Zhou

Community Question-Answering platforms, such as Stack Overflow (SO), are valuable knowledge exchange and problem-solving resources. These platforms incorporate mechanisms to assess the quality of answers and participants' expertise, ideally…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Maddalena Amendola , Cosimo Rulli , Carlos Castillo , Andrea Passarella , Raffaele Perego

Recently, transformer-based methods such as RoBERTa and GPT-3 have led to significant experimental advances in natural language processing tasks such as question answering and commonsense reasoning. The latter is typically evaluated through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Mayank Kejriwal , Ke Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to answer everyday questions, yet their performance on culturally grounded and dialectal content remains uneven across languages. We propose a comprehensive method that (i) translates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Hunzalah Hassan Bhatti , Firoj Alam

Benchmark experiments are required to test, compare, tune, and understand optimization algorithms. Ideally, benchmark problems closely reflect real-world problem behavior. Yet, real-world problems are not always readily available for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Martin Zaefferer , Frederik Rehbach

Large Language Models (LLMs) effectiveness is usually evaluated by means of benchmarks such as MMLU, ARC-C, or HellaSwag, where questions are presented in their original wording, thus in a fixed, standardized format. However, real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riccardo Lunardi , Vincenzo Della Mea , Stefano Mizzaro , Kevin Roitero

Conversational Question Answering (ConvQA) models aim at answering a question with its relevant paragraph and previous question-answer pairs that occurred during conversation multiple times. To apply such models to a real-world scenario,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Soyeong Jeong , Jinheon Baek , Sung Ju Hwang , Jong C. Park

Community Question Answering (CQA) has become a primary means for people to acquire knowledge, where people are free to ask questions or submit answers. To enhance the efficiency of the service, similar question identification becomes a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Zizhen Wang , Yixing Fan , Jiafeng Guo , Liu Yang , Ruqing Zhang , Yanyan Lan , Xueqi Cheng , Hui Jiang , Xiaozhao Wang

As quantum computers grow in size and scope, a question of great importance is how best to benchmark performance. Here we define a set of characteristics that any benchmark should follow -- randomized, well-defined, holistic, device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-06 Mirko Amico , Helena Zhang , Petar Jurcevic , Lev S. Bishop , Paul Nation , Andrew Wack , David C. McKay

We conduct a large empirical evaluation to investigate the landscape of distributional robustness in question answering. Our investigation spans over 350 models and 16 question answering datasets, including a diverse set of architectures,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Anas Awadalla , Mitchell Wortsman , Gabriel Ilharco , Sewon Min , Ian Magnusson , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Ludwig Schmidt

As frontier artificial intelligence (AI) models rapidly advance, benchmarks are integral to comparing different models and measuring their progress in different task-specific domains. However, there is a lack of guidance on when and how…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ayrton San Joaquin , Rokas Gipiškis , Leon Staufer , Ariel Gil

Quantum computing (QC) is anticipated to provide a speedup over classical HPC approaches for specific problems in optimization, simulation, and machine learning. With the advances in quantum computing toward practical applications, the need…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Jernej Rudi Finžgar , Philipp Ross , Leonhard Hölscher , Johannes Klepsch , Andre Luckow

Questions involving commonsense reasoning about everyday situations often admit many $\textit{possible}$ or $\textit{plausible}$ answers. In contrast, multiple-choice question (MCQ) benchmarks for commonsense reasoning require a hard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Shramay Palta , Nishant Balepur , Peter Rankel , Sarah Wiegreffe , Marine Carpuat , Rachel Rudinger

Recent advances in probabilistic modelling have led to a large number of simulation-based inference algorithms which do not require numerical evaluation of likelihoods. However, a public benchmark with appropriate performance metrics for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-12 Jan-Matthis Lueckmann , Jan Boelts , David S. Greenberg , Pedro J. Gonçalves , Jakob H. Macke

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

Visual question answering (VQA) models respond to open-ended natural language questions about images. While VQA is an increasingly popular area of research, it is unclear to what extent current VQA architectures learn key semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-25 Gabriel Grand , Aron Szanto , Yoon Kim , Alexander Rush

Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) becomes particularly challenging when all choices are relevant to the question and are semantically similar. Yet this setting of MCQA can potentially provide valuable clues for choosing the right…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Wenqing Deng , Zhe Wang , Kewen Wang , Shirui Pan , Xiaowang Zhang , Zhiyong Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit sycophancy, distorting responses to align with user beliefs, notably by readily agreeing with user counterarguments. Paradoxically, LLMs are increasingly adopted as successful evaluative agents for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Sungwon Kim , Daniel Khashabi