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Multiple choice question answering (MCQA) is popular for LLM evaluation due to its simplicity and human-like testing, but we argue for its reform. We first reveal flaws in MCQA's format, as it struggles to: 1) test generation/subjectivity;…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Nishant Balepur , Rachel Rudinger , Jordan Lee Boyd-Graber

The well-known Gumbel-Max Trick for sampling elements from a categorical distribution (or more generally a nonnegative vector) and its variants have been widely used in areas such as machine learning and information retrieval. To sample a…

Computation · Statistics 2020-02-04 Yiyan Qi , Pinghui Wang , Yuanming Zhang , Junzhou Zhao , Guangjian Tian , Xiaohong Guan

Tool-augmented LLMs are a promising approach to create AI agents that can have realistic conversations, follow procedures, and call appropriate functions. However, evaluating them is challenging due to the diversity of possible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Samuel Arcadinho , David Aparicio , Mariana Almeida

The aim of this work is to create a framework for synthetically generating question/query pairs with as little human input as possible. These datasets can be used to train machine translation systems to convert natural language questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Benjamin A. Spiegel , Vincent Cheong , James E. Kaplan , Anthony Sanchez

Simulation-based verification is beneficial for assessing otherwise dangerous or costly on-road testing of autonomous vehicles (AV). This paper addresses the challenge of efficiently generating effective tests for simulation-based AV…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-08-31 Greg Chance , Abanoub Ghobrial , Severin Lemaignan , Tony Pipe , Kerstin Eder

This paper presents a simple and cost-effective method for synthesizing data to train question-answering systems. For training, fine-tuning GPT models is a common practice in resource-rich languages like English, however, it becomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Kosuke Takahashi , Takahiro Omi , Kosuke Arima , Tatsuya Ishigaki

In today's information-rich era, learners have access to abundant educational resources, but the lack of practice materials tailored to these resources presents a significant challenge. This project addresses that gap by developing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Ahmed Mubarak , Amna Ahmed , Amira Nasser , Aya Mohamed , Fares El-Sadek , Mohammed Ahmed , Ahmed Salah , Youssef Sobhy

The open-ended Visual Question Answering (VQA) task requires AI models to jointly reason over visual and natural language inputs using world knowledge. Recently, pre-trained Language Models (PLM) such as GPT-3 have been applied to the task…

Knowing the precise format of a program's input is a necessary prerequisite for systematic testing. Given a program and a small set of sample inputs, we (1) track the data flow of inputs to aggregate input fragments that share the same data…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-08-30 Matthias Höschele , Alexander Kampmann , Andreas Zeller

The topic-to-essay generation task is a challenging natural language generation task that aims to generate paragraph-level text with high semantic coherence based on a given set of topic words. Previous work has focused on the introduction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Jieyong Wang , Chunyao Song , Yihao Wu

In the context of software testing, generating complex data inputs is frequently performed using a grammar-based specification. For combinatorial reasons, an exhaustive generation of the data -- of a given size -- is practically impossible,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-11-27 Alois Dreyfus , Pierre-Cyrille Heam , Olga Kouchnarenko

We present Multiple-Question Multiple-Answer (MQMA), a novel approach to do text-VQA in encoder-decoder transformer models. The text-VQA task requires a model to answer a question by understanding multi-modal content: text (typically from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Peng Tang , Srikar Appalaraju , R. Manmatha , Yusheng Xie , Vijay Mahadevan

This research aims to take advantage of artificial intelligence techniques in producing students assessment that is compatible with the different academic accreditations of the same program. The possibility of using generative artificial…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Rania Anwar Aboalela

Automatic question generation (AQG) for mathematics education remains an elusive goal for Intelligent Tutoring Systems and educators. While pre-trained transformer-based language models have significantly advanced natural language…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Kia Karbasi , Kevin Hong , Mohammad Amin Samadi , Gregory Pottie

Reading is integral to everyday life, and yet learning to read is a struggle for many young learners. During lessons, teachers can use comprehension questions to increase engagement, test reading skills, and improve retention. Historically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Bilal Ghanem , Lauren Lutz Coleman , Julia Rivard Dexter , Spencer McIntosh von der Ohe , Alona Fyshe

Generating structured input files to test programs can be performed by techniques that produce them from a grammar that serves as the specification for syntactically correct input files. Two interesting scenarios then arise for effective…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-20 Esteban Pavese , Ezekiel Soremekun , Nikolas Havrikov , Lars Grunske , Andreas Zeller

Combinatorial testing is a widely adopted technique for efficiently detecting faults in software. The quality of combinatorial test generators plays a crucial role in achieving effective test coverage. Evaluating combinatorial test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Andrea Bombarda , Angelo Gargantini

Recently visual question answering (VQA) and visual question generation (VQG) are two trending topics in the computer vision, which have been explored separately. In this work, we propose an end-to-end unified framework, the Invertible…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-09-22 Yikang Li , Nan Duan , Bolei Zhou , Xiao Chu , Wanli Ouyang , Xiaogang Wang

We explore the use of small language models (SLMs) for automatic question generation as a complement to the prevalent use of their large counterparts in learning analytics research. We present a novel question generation pipeline that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Yumou Wei , John Stamper , Paulo F. Carvalho

We present a framework that formulates visual question answering as modular code generation. In contrast to prior work on modular approaches to VQA, our approach requires no additional training and relies on pre-trained language models…

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