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The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating accurate responses relies heavily on the quality of input provided, particularly when employing Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques. RAG enhances LLMs by sourcing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Spurthi Setty , Harsh Thakkar , Alyssa Lee , Eden Chung , Natan Vidra

Despite the popularity of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) as a solution for grounded QA in both academia and industry, current RAG methods struggle with questions where the necessary information is distributed across many documents or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nathan Scales , Nathanael Schärli , Olivier Bousquet

Recent advances in query optimization have shifted from traditional rule-based and cost-based techniques towards machine learning-driven approaches. Among these, reinforcement learning (RL) has attracted significant attention due to its…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Seokwon Lee , Jaeyoung Sim , Sihyun Kim , Yuhsing Li , Yiwen Zhu , Kwanghyun Park

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly evolved from text generators into powerful problem solvers. Yet, many open tasks demand critical thinking, multi-source, and verifiable outputs, which are beyond single-shot prompting or standard…

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has received much attention for Open-domain question-answering (ODQA) tasks as a means to compensate for the parametric knowledge of large language models (LLMs). While previous approaches focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Minsang Kim , Cheoneum Park , Seungjun Baek

On Stack Overflow, developers can not only browse question posts to solve their programming problems but also gain expertise from the question posts to help improve their programming skills. Therefore, improving the quality of question…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Ke Liu , Guang Yang , Xiang Chen , Chi Yu

Web-scale search systems typically tackle the scalability challenge with a two-step paradigm: retrieval and ranking. The retrieval step, also known as candidate selection, often involves extracting standardized entities, creating an…

The source code of successful projects is evolving all the time, resulting in hundreds of thousands of code changes stored in source code repositories. This wealth of data can be useful, e.g., to find changes similar to a planned code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Luca Di Grazia , Paul Bredl , Michael Pradel

Developers often depend on code search engines to obtain solutions for their programming tasks. However, finding an expected solution containing code examples along with their explanations is challenging due to several issues. There is a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Rodrigo F. Silva , M. Masudur Rahman , Carlos Eduardo Dantas , Chanchal Roy , Foutse Khomh , Marcelo A. Maia

Q&A platforms have been crucial for the online help-seeking behavior of programmers. However, the recent popularity of ChatGPT is altering this trend. Despite this popularity, no comprehensive study has been conducted to evaluate the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Samia Kabir , David N. Udo-Imeh , Bonan Kou , Tianyi Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by integrating up-to-date external knowledge, yet real-world web environments present unique challenges. These limitations manifest as two key challenges: pervasive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuqin Dai , Shuo Yang , Guoqing Wang , Yong Deng , Zhanwei Zhang , Jun Yin , Pengyu Zeng , Zhenzhe Ying , Changhua Meng , Can Yi , Yuchen Zhou , Weiqiang Wang , Shuai Lu

Today, most large-scale conversational AI agents (e.g. Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant) are built using manually annotated data to train the different components of the system. Typically, the accuracy of the ML models in these components…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Pragaash Ponnusamy , Alireza Roshan Ghias , Chenlei Guo , Ruhi Sarikaya

Query expansion is the reformulation of a user query by adding semantically related information, and is an essential component of monolingual and cross-lingual information retrieval used to ensure that relevant documents are not missed.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Olivia Macmillan-Scott , Roksana Goworek , Eda B. Özyiğit

When drafting question posts for Stack Overflow, developers may not accurately summarize the core problems in the question titles, which can cause these questions to not get timely help. Therefore, improving the quality of question titles…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Shaoyu Yang , Xiang Chen , Ke Liu , Guang Yang , Chi Yu

The rise of personal assistants has made conversational question answering (ConvQA) a very popular mechanism for user-system interaction. State-of-the-art methods for ConvQA over knowledge graphs (KGs) can only learn from crisp…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Magdalena Kaiser , Rishiraj Saha Roy , Gerhard Weikum

Stack Overflow (SO) has been a great source of natural language questions and their code solutions (i.e., question-code pairs), which are critical for many tasks including code retrieval and annotation. In most existing research,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Ziyu Yao , Daniel S. Weld , Wei-Peng Chen , Huan Sun

Deep learning methods are useful for high-dimensional data and are becoming widely used in many areas of software engineering. Deep learners utilizes extensive computational power and can take a long time to train-- making it difficult to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Suvodeep Majumder , Nikhila Balaji , Katie Brey , Wei Fu , Tim Menzies

Code Search is a key task that many programmers often have to perform while developing solutions to problems. Current methodologies suffer from an inability to perform accurately on prompts that contain some ambiguity or ones that require…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Sarthak Jain , Aditya Dora , Ka Seng Sam , Prabhat Singh

Understanding and modeling buyer intent is a foundational challenge in optimizing search query reformulation within the dynamic landscape of e-commerce search systems. This work introduces a robust data pipeline designed to mine and analyze…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Jayanth Yetukuri , Ishita Khan

The major task of any e-commerce search engine is to retrieve the most relevant inventory items, which best match the user intent reflected in a query. This task is non-trivial due to many reasons, including ambiguous queries, misaligned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Md. Ahsanul Kabir , Mohammad Al Hasan , Aritra Mandal , Liyang Hao , Ishita Khan , Daniel Tunkelang , Zhe Wu
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