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Automated essay scoring (AES) is a challenging task in cross-prompt settings due to the diversity of scoring criteria. While previous studies have focused on the output of large language models (LLMs) to improve scoring accuracy, we believe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Jinwei Chi , Ke Wang , Yu Chen , Xuanye Lin , Qiang Xu

Large language models (LLMs) have recently reshaped Automated Essay Scoring (AES), yet prior studies typically examine individual techniques in isolation, limiting understanding of their relative merits for English as a Second Language (L2)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Minh Hoang Nguyen , Vu Hoang Pham , Xuan Thanh Huynh , Phuc Hong Mai , Vinh The Nguyen , Quang Nhut Huynh , Huy Tien Nguyen , Tung Le

Automated essay scoring (AES) predicts multiple rubric-defined trait scores for each essay, where each trait follows an ordered discrete rating scale. Most LLM-based AES methods cast scoring as autoregressive token generation and obtain the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Han Zhang , Jiamin Su , Li liu

Automated essay scoring (AES) aims to score essays written for a given prompt, which defines the writing topic. Most existing AES systems assume to grade essays of the same prompt as used in training and assign only a holistic score.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Heejin Do , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Multi-task learning (MTL) has achieved success over a wide range of problems, where the goal is to improve the performance of a primary task using a set of relevant auxiliary tasks. However, when the usefulness of the auxiliary tasks w.r.t.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Han Guo , Ramakanth Pasunuru , Mohit Bansal

Research on automated essay scoring has become increasing important because it serves as a method for evaluating students' written-responses at scale. Scalable methods for scoring written responses are needed as students migrate to online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Tahereh Firoozi , Hamid Mohammadi , Mark J. Gierl

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is a well-established educational pursuit that employs machine learning to evaluate student-authored essays. While much effort has been made in this area, current research primarily focuses on either (i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Yuyang Li , Quanlong Guan , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

This paper presents methods for improving automated essay scoring with techniques that address the computational trade-offs of self-attention and document length. To make Automated Essay Scoring (AES) more useful to practitioners,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Mike Hardy

Automatic essay scoring (AES) refers to the process of scoring free text responses to given prompts, considering human grader scores as the gold standard. Writing such essays is an essential component of many language and aptitude exams.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-09 Sowmya Vajjala

Grading exams is an important, labor-intensive, subjective, repetitive, and frequently challenging task. The feasibility of autograding textual responses has greatly increased thanks to the availability of large language models (LLMs) such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Johannes Schneider , Bernd Schenk , Christina Niklaus

Despite growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) for educational assessment, it remains unclear how closely they align with human scoring. We present a systematic evaluation of instruction-tuned LLMs across three open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Filip J. Kucia , Anirban Chakraborty , Anna Wróblewska

Providing students with detailed and timely grading feedback is essential for self-learning. While existing LLM-based grading systems are promising, most of them rely on one single model, which limits their performance. To address this, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuki Ito , Qiang Ma

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has brought a new paradigm to automated essay scoring (AES), a long-standing and practical application of natural language processing in education. However, achieving human-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Jinhee Jang , Ayoung Moon , Minkyoung Jung , YoungBin Kim , Seung Jin Lee

Automated essay scoring (AES) is gaining increasing attention in the education sector as it significantly reduces the burden of manual scoring and allows ad hoc feedback for learners. Natural language processing based on machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Sabrina Ludwig , Christian Mayer , Christopher Hansen , Kerstin Eilers , Steffen Brandt

Automated grading has become an essential tool in education technology due to its ability to efficiently assess large volumes of student work, provide consistent and unbiased evaluations, and deliver immediate feedback to enhance learning.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Calvin Yeung , Jeff Yu , King Chau Cheung , Tat Wing Wong , Chun Man Chan , Kin Chi Wong , Keisuke Fujii

Multi-task learning (MTL) seeks to improve the generalized performance of learning specific tasks, exploiting useful information incorporated in related tasks. As a promising area, this paper studies an MTL-based control approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-01 Andres Arias , Chuangchuang Sun

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is a cross-disciplinary effort involving Education, Linguistics, and Natural Language Processing (NLP). The efficacy of an NLP model in AES tests it ability to evaluate long-term dependencies and extrapolate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Christopher M Ormerod , Akanksha Malhotra , Amir Jafari

Multi-task learning (MTL) has achieved great success in various research domains, such as CV, NLP and IR etc. Due to the complex and competing task correlation, naive training all tasks may lead to inequitable learning, i.e. some tasks are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jun Yuan , Rui Zhang

Keeping in mind the necessity of intelligent system in educational sector, this paper proposes a text analysis based automated approach for automatic evaluation of the descriptive answers in an examination. In particular, the research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Vedant Bahel , Achamma Thomas

When a number of similar tasks have to be learned simultaneously, multi-task learning (MTL) models can attain significantly higher accuracy than single-task learning (STL) models. However, the advantage of MTL depends on various factors,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Afiya Ayman , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Aron Laszka