Related papers: Hausdorff's forgotten proof that almost all number…
In this paper we study the property of normality of a number in base 2. A simple rule that associates a vector to a number is presented and the property of normality is stated for the vector associated to the number. The problem of testing…
We show that each number of the form, the square root of s for s not a perfect square, is simply normal to the base 2. The argument uses some elementary ideas from the calculus of finite differences.
In 1888, Hilbert proved that every non-negative quartic form f=f(x,y,z) with real coefficients is a sum of three squares of quadratic forms. His proof was ahead of its time and used advanced methods from topology and algebraic geometry. Up…
A direct relation between the enumeration of ordinary maps and that of fully simple maps first appeared in the work of the first and last authors. The relation is via monotone Hurwitz numbers and was originally proved using Weingarten…
We present an astonishingly simple and elegant proof of the celebrated Basel problem.
James Maynard has taken the analytic number theory world by storm in the last decade, proving several important and surprising theorems, resolving questions that had seemed far out of reach. He is perhaps best known for his work on small…
The study of perfect numbers (numbers which equal the sum of their proper divisors) goes back to antiquity, and is responsible for some of the oldest and most popular conjectures in number theory. We investigate a generalization introduced…
In 1909 Borel defined normality as a notion of randomness of the digits of the representation of a real number over certain base (fractional expansion). If we think the representation of a number over a base as an infinite sequence of…
Champernowne famously proved that the number $0.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)...$ formed by concatenating all the integers one after another is normal base 10. We give a generalization of Champernowne's construction to various…
The equidistribution of the double sign patterns of the Liouville function $\lambda$ is proved unconditionally. As application, it is shown that the computable real number $$\sum_{n \geq 1} \frac{1+\lambda(n)}{2^{n}}$$ is a simply normal…
Since its discovery by Max Planck in 1900, the Planck constant $h$ has been demonstrated to be an universal constant, and its numerical value has been accurately determined based on experiments. Up to the present however the physical origin…
We generalize the classical theorem by Jarnik and Besicovitch on the irrationality exponents of real numbers and Hausdorff dimension. Let a be any real number greater than or equal to 2 and let b be any non-negative real less than or equal…
In the present work we demonstrate that the so called Goldbach conjecture from 1742, All positive even numbers greater than two can be expressed as a sum of two primes, due to Leonhard Euler, is a true statement. This result is partially…
We show that the set of numbers that are $Q$-distribution normal but not simply $Q$-ratio normal has full Hausdorff dimension. It is further shown under some conditions that countable intersections of sets of this form still have full…
This article is an exposition of recent results and methods on the prevalence of normal numbers in the support of self-similar measures on the line. We also provide an essentially self-contained proof of a recent Theorem that the Rajchman…
Mordechay Levin has constructed a number $\alpha$ which is normal in base 2, and such that the sequence $\left\{2^n \alpha\right\}_{n=0,1,2,\ldots}$ has very small discrepancy $D_N$. Indeed we have $N\cdot D_N = \mathcal{O} \left(\left(\log…
In this short note, we give a proof, conditional on the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, that there exist numbers x which are normal with respect to the continued fraction expansion but not to any base b expansion. This partially answers a…
We review the motivation and fundamental properties of the Hausdorff dimension of metric spaces and illustrate this with a number of examples, some of which are expected and well-known. We also give examples where the Hausdorff dimension…
We prove bounds for the almost sure value of the Hausdorff dimension of the limsup set of a sequence of balls in $\mathbf{R}^d$ whose centres are independent, identically distributed random variables. The formulas obtained involve the rate…
In this paper, a simple explanation for the Goldbach Conjecture is given. We have shown that the probability of violating the conjecture not only for the prime numbers, but also for any subset of natural numbers whose distribution is…