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In neural networks, task-relevant information is represented jointly by groups of neurons. However, the specific way in which this mutual information about the classification label is distributed among the individual neurons is not well…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-08 David A. Ehrlich , Andreas C. Schneider , Viola Priesemann , Michael Wibral , Abdullah Makkeh

Causality is a central topic in scientific inquiry, yet for complex systems, the identification and analysis of synergistic causation remain a challenging and fundamental problem. In the context of causal relations among multivariate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Mingzhe Yang , Shuo Wang , Jiang Zhang

We propose a notion of common information that allows one to quantify and separate the information that is shared between two random variables from the information that is unique to each. Our notion of common information is defined by an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Michael Kleinman , Alessandro Achille , Stefano Soatto , Jonathan Kao

The partial information decomposition (PID) and its extension integrated information decomposition ($\Phi$ID) are promising frameworks to investigate information phenomena involving multiple variables. An important limitation of these…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Abel Jansma , Pedro A. M. Mediano , Fernando E. Rosas

Partial information decomposition (PID) partitions the information that a set of sources has about a target variable into synergistic, unique, and redundant contributions. This information-theoretic tool has recently attracted attention due…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Abdullah Makkeh , Dirk Oliver Theis , Raul Vicente

We offer a new approach to the information decomposition problem in information theory: given a 'target' random variable co-distributed with multiple 'source' variables, how can we decompose the mutual information into a sum of non-negative…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Nihat Ay , Daniel Polani , Nathaniel Virgo

A central challenge in analyzing multivariate interactions within complex systems is to decompose how multiple inputs jointly determine an output. Existing approaches generally operate on observed probability distributions and can conflate…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Clifford Bohm , Vincent R. Ragusa , Arend Hintze , Charles Ofria , Emily Dolson , Christoph Adami

We introduce a novel framework for decomposing interventional causal effects into synergistic, redundant, and unique components, building on the intuition of Partial Information Decomposition (PID) and the principle of M\"obius inversion.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Abel Jansma

Since its inception, the neural estimation of mutual information (MI) has demonstrated the empirical success of modeling expected dependency between high-dimensional random variables. However, MI is an aggregate statistic and cannot be used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Han Zhao , Makoto Yamada , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Partial Information Decomposition (PID) represents multivariate mutual information via antichain-lattice that aims to specify which source groups can recover which informational components of a target. For three or more sources, widely…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Aobo Lyu , Andrew Clark , Netanel Raviv

The information that two random variables $Y$, $Z$ contain about a third random variable $X$ can have aspects of shared information (contained in both $Y$ and $Z$), of complementary information (only available from $(Y,Z)$ together) and of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-05 Johannes Rauh , Nils Bertschinger , Eckehard Olbrich , Jürgen Jost

We investigate the partial information decomposition (PID) framework as a tool for edge nomination. We consider both the $I_{\cap}^{\text{min}}$ and $I_{\cap}^{\text{PM}}$ PIDs, from arXiv:1004.2515 and arXiv:1801.09010 respectively, and we…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Jesse Milzman , Vince Lyzinski

A reaction-coordinate--resolved information-theoretic analysis of chemical reactivity is developed using mutual information and partial information decomposition (PID). Along an intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC), a local empirical…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Kyunghoon Han , Miguel Gallegos

The recent explosion of interest in multimodal applications has resulted in a wide selection of datasets and methods for representing and integrating information from different modalities. Despite these empirical advances, there remain…

The conventional approach to the general Partial Information Decomposition (PID) problem has been redundancy-based: specifying a measure of redundant information between collections of source variables induces a PID via Moebius-Inversion…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Aaron J. Gutknecht , Abdullah Makkeh , Michael Wibral

Partial information decomposition (PID) seeks to decompose the multivariate mutual information that a set of source variables contains about a target variable into basic pieces, the so called "atoms of information". Each atom describes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Aaron J. Gutknecht , Michael Wibral , Abdullah Makkeh

In this paper, we define a new measure of the redundancy of information from a fault tolerance perspective. The partial information decomposition (PID) emerged last decade as a framework for decomposing the multi-source mutual information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Jesse Milzman

Associative memory, traditionally modeled by Hopfield networks, enables the retrieval of previously stored patterns from partial or noisy cues. Yet, the local computational principles which are required to enable this function remain…

What are the distinct ways in which a set of predictor variables can provide information about a target variable? When does a variable provide unique information, when do variables share redundant information, and when do variables combine…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-04 Conor Finn , Joseph T Lizier

Selecting a minimal feature set that is maximally informative about a target variable is a central task in machine learning and statistics. Information theory provides a powerful framework for formulating feature selection algorithms --…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Patricia Wollstadt , Sebastian Schmitt , Michael Wibral