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This study introduces the Misclassification Likelihood Matrix (MLM) as a novel tool for quantifying the reliability of neural network predictions under distribution shifts. The MLM is obtained by leveraging softmax outputs and clustering…

This research investigates the use of machine learning methods to forecast students' academic performance in a school setting. Students' data with behavioral, academic, and demographic details were used in implementations with standard…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-11 A. G. R. Sandeepa , Sanka Mohottala

Data on hundreds of variables related to individual consumer finance behavior (such as credit card and loan activity) is routinely collected in many countries and plays an important role in lending decisions. We postulate that the detailed…

General Economics · Economics 2021-11-09 Giacomo De Giorgi , Matthew Harding , Gabriel Vasconcelos

In information retrieval, training reranking models mainly focuses on two types of objectives: metric learning (e.g. contrastive loss to increase the predicted scores on relevant query-document pairs) and classification (binary label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ziqi Dai , Xin Zhang , Mingxin Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie , Meishan Zhang , Wenjie Li , Min Zhang

In the global economy, credit companies play a central role in economic development, through their activity as money lenders. This important task comes with some drawbacks, mainly the risk of the debtors not being able to repay the provided…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Giorgio Visani , Federico Chesani , Enrico Bagli , Davide Capuzzo , Alessandro Poluzzi

The rapid development and dynamic nature of large language models (LLMs) make it difficult for conventional quantitative benchmarks to accurately assess their capabilities. We propose report cards, which are human-interpretable, natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Blair Yang , Fuyang Cui , Keiran Paster , Jimmy Ba , Pashootan Vaezipoor , Silviu Pitis , Michael R. Zhang

Binary logit (BNL) and multinomial logit (MNL) models are the two most widely used discrete choice models for travel behavior modeling and prediction. However, in many scenarios, the collected data for those models are subject to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-02 Baichuan Mo , Yunhan Zheng , Xiaotong Guo , Ruoyun Ma , Jinhua Zhao

In this article we compare the performances of a logistic regression and a feed forward neural network for credit scoring purposes. Our results show that the logistic regression gives quite good results on the dataset and the neural network…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-01-23 Matthieu Garcin , Samuel Stephan

Understanding the business cycle is crucial for building economic stability, guiding business planning, and informing investment decisions. The business cycle refers to the recurring pattern of expansion and contraction in economic activity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Elvys Linhares Pontes , Mohamed Benjannet , Raymond Yung

Model evaluation is a critical component in supervised machine learning classification analyses. Traditional metrics do not currently incorporate case difficulty. This renders the classification results unbenchmarked for generalization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Adrienne Kline , Joon Lee

Corporate insolvency can have a devastating effect on the economy. With an increasing number of companies making expansion overseas to capitalize on foreign resources, a multinational corporate bankruptcy can disrupt the world's financial…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-02-16 Jacky C. K. Chow

This systematic review examines how machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have transformed forecasting, decision-making, and financial modelling, promoting innovation and efficiency in financial systems. Following PRISMA 2020…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-01-26 Soufiane El Amine El Alami , Abderazzak Mouiha , Abdelatif Hafid , Ahmed El Hilali Alaoui

Credit scores are critical for allocating consumer debt in the United States, yet little evidence is available on their performance. We benchmark a widely used credit score against a machine learning model of consumer default and find…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-09-04 Stefania Albanesi , Domonkos F. Vamossy

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-facing roles where personality perception is critical, yet existing benchmarks evaluate this capability solely on numerical Big Five score prediction, leaving open…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Caixin Kang , Tianyu Yan , Sitong Gong , Mingfang Zhang , Liangyang Ouyang , Ruicong Liu , Bo Zheng , Huchuan Lu , Kaipeng Zhang , Yoichi Sato , Yifei Huang

The credit rating is an evaluation of a company's credit risk that values the ability to pay back the debt and predict the likelihood of the debtor defaulting. There are various features influencing credit rating. Therefore, it is essential…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-12-22 Shenghuan Yang , lonut Florescu , Md Tariqul Islam

Multilabel Classification (MLC) deals with the simultaneous classification of multiple binary labels. The task is challenging because, not only may there be arbitrarily different and complex relationships between predictor variables and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-15 Jiahao Tian , Hugh Chipman , Thomas Loughin

We move beyond "Is Machine Learning Useful for Macroeconomic Forecasting?" by adding the "how". The current forecasting literature has focused on matching specific variables and horizons with a particularly successful algorithm. In…

Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending connects borrowers and lenders through online platforms but suffers from significant information asymmetry, as lenders often lack sufficient data to assess borrowers' creditworthiness. This paper addresses this…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-03-25 Mario Sanz-Guerrero , Javier Arroyo

The large-scale imaging survey will produce massive photometric data in multi-bands for billions of galaxies. Defining strategies to quickly and efficiently extract useful physical information from this data is mandatory. Among the stellar…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-11-04 Xiaotong Guo , Guanwen Fang , Haicheng Feng , Rui Zhang

Recently, efficient fine-tuning of large-scale pre-trained models has attracted increasing research interests, where linear probing (LP) as a fundamental module is involved in exploiting the final representations for task-dependent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Mingze Gao , Qilong Wang , Zhenyi Lin , Pengfei Zhu , Qinghua Hu , Jingbo Zhou