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Related papers: Spacetime Quantum Reference Frames and superpositi…

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The perspective is advanced that the time parameter in quantum mechanics corresponds to the time coordinate in a Minkowski flat spacetime local approximation to the actual dynamical curved spacetime of General Relativity, rather than to an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-05-27 Mariano Bauer , Cesar Augusto Aguillon , Gustavo Garcia

Viewing frames of reference as physical systems, subject to the same laws as the systems they describe, is central to the relational approach in physics. Under the assumption that quantum mechanics universally governs all physical entities,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Michael Suleymanov , Avishy Carmi , Eliahu Cohen

Employing internal quantum systems as reference frames is a crucial concept in quantum gravity, gauge theories and quantum foundations whenever external relata are unavailable. In this work, we give a comprehensive and self-contained…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-30 Philipp A. Hoehn , Marius Krumm , Markus P. Mueller

In physics, every observation is made with respect to a frame of reference. Although reference frames are usually not considered as degrees of freedom, in all practical situations it is a physical system which constitutes a reference frame.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-07 Flaminia Giacomini , Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Časlav Brukner

The description of relativistic effects requires a preliminary definition of events localised in space-time while the clocks used for time definition and the fields used in synchronisation or localisation procedures are necessarily quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-27 Marc-Thierry Jaekel , Serge Reynaud

The use of a relational time in quantum mechanics is a framework in which one promotes to quantum operators all variables in a system, and later chooses one of the variables to operate like a ``clock''. Conditional probabilities are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Rodolfo Gambini , Rafael Porto , Jorge Pullin

We treat space and time as bona fide quantum degrees of freedom on an equal footing in Hilbert space. Motivated by considerations in quantum gravity, we focus on a paradigm dealing with linear, first-order Hamiltonian and momentum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-19 Ashmeet Singh

Quantum reference frames are expected to differ from classical reference frames because they have to implement typical quantum features such as fluctuations and correlations. Here, we show that fluctuations and correlations of reference…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-03 Martin Bojowald , Artur Tsobanjan

In a quantum world, reference frames are ultimately quantum systems too -- but what does it mean to "jump into the perspective of a quantum particle"? In this work, we show that quantum reference frame (QRF) transformations appear naturally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-01 Marius Krumm , Philipp A. Hoehn , Markus P. Mueller

The observable spacetime can be viewed as worldline coincidences (events) between a particle system and the observers of an extended (material) reference frame (ERF). Particle positions are then operationally well defined with respect to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-07 Eduardo O. Dias

The perspective-neutral formulation of quantum reference frames (QRFs) treats observers as quantum systems and describes physics relationally from within the composite system. While frame-change maps and frame-invariant resource sums are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Salman Sajad Wani , Saif Al-Kuwari

This thesis is a compilation of research in relativistic quantum information theory, and research in quantum reference frames. The research in the former category provides a fundamental construction of quantum information theory of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-18 Matthew C Palmer

The nature of time in quantum mechanics is closely related to the use of a complex, rather than say real, Hilbert space. This becomes particularly clear when considering quantum field theory in time dependent backgrounds, such as in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-11-03 G. W. Gibbons

We propose a formal definition of a general reference frame in a general spacetime, as an equivalence class of charts. This formal definition corresponds with the notion of a reference frame as being a (fictitious) deformable body, but we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-03-24 Mayeul Arminjon , Frank Reifler

This paper is a generalization of earlier papers [Nucl. Phys. B 884, 344 (2014) (arXiv:1312.2759) and JHEP 6, 63 (2015) (arXiv:1401.2488)]. We generalize the idea of quantum clock time to quantum spacetime reference frame via physical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-03-20 M. J. Luo

The need for a time-shift invariant formulation of quantum theory arises from fundamental symmetry principles as well as heuristic cosmological considerations. Such a description then leaves open the question of how to reconcile global…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-26 Leon Loveridge , Takayuki Miyadera

The notion of a rigid quasilocal frame (RQF) provides a geometrically natural way to define a system in general relativity, and a new way to analyze the problem of motion. An RQF is defined as a two-parameter family of timelike worldlines…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-07-09 Richard J. Epp , Robert B. Mann , Paul L. McGrath

Without a complete theory of quantum gravity, the question of how quantum fields and quantum particles behave in a superposition of spacetimes seems beyond the reach of theoretical and experimental investigations. Here we use an extension…

Quantum gravity (or quantum spacetime) is to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics into a single theoretical framework and presented as the most important open puzzle in fundamental physics. The development of a microscopic theory…

General Physics · Physics 2025-10-24 Su-Peng Kou

In general relativity, the picture of spacetime assigns an ideal clock to each worldline. Being ideal, gravitational effects due to these clocks are ignored and the flow of time according to one clock is not affected by the presence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-09 Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Flaminia Giacomini , Časlav Brukner