English
Related papers

Related papers: How to Evaluate a Summarizer: Study Design and Sta…

200 papers

Human-annotated preference data play an important role in aligning large language models (LLMs). In this paper, we study two connected questions: how to monitor the quality of human preference annotators and how to incentivize them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Zhongyao Ma , Xiaocheng Li

Recent trends in natural language processing research and annotation tasks affirm a paradigm shift from the traditional reliance on a single ground truth to a focus on individual perspectives, particularly in subjective tasks. In scenarios…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Olufunke O. Sarumi , Béla Neuendorf , Joan Plepi , Lucie Flek , Jörg Schlötterer , Charles Welch

Opinion summarization is the task of automatically creating summaries that reflect subjective information expressed in multiple documents, such as product reviews. While the majority of previous work has focused on the extractive setting,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Arthur Bražinskas , Mirella Lapata , Ivan Titov

Textual data annotation, the process of labeling or tagging text with relevant information, is typically costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential as direct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

Customer reviews are vital for making purchasing decisions in the Information Age. Such reviews can be automatically summarized to provide the user with an overview of opinions. In this tutorial, we present various aspects of opinion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Reinald Kim Amplayo , Arthur Bražinskas , Yoshi Suhara , Xiaolan Wang , Bing Liu

Summary assessment involves evaluating how well a generated summary reflects the key ideas and meaning of the source text, requiring a deep understanding of the content. Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used to automate this process,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zahra Sadeghi , Evangelos Milios , Frank Rudzicz

Human evaluation has been the gold standard for checking faithfulness in abstractive summarization. However, with a challenging source domain like narrative, multiple annotators can agree a summary is faithful, while missing details that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Melanie Subbiah , Faisal Ladhak , Akankshya Mishra , Griffin Adams , Lydia B. Chilton , Kathleen McKeown

Recent advances in test-time scaling have shown promising results in improving Large Language Model (LLM) performance through strategic computation allocation during inference. While this approach has demonstrated strong improvements in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Juntai Cao , Xiang Zhang , Raymond Li , Chuyuan Li , Chenyu You , Shafiq Joty , Giuseppe Carenini

Various text analysis techniques exist, which attempt to uncover unstructured information from text. In this work, we explore using statistical dependence measures for textual classification, representing text as word vectors. Student…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-01 Samuel Cunningham-Nelson , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh , Wageeh Boles

Identifying the quality of free-text arguments has become an important task in the rapidly expanding field of computational argumentation. In this work, we explore the challenging task of argument quality ranking. To this end, we created a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Shai Gretz , Roni Friedman , Edo Cohen-Karlik , Assaf Toledo , Dan Lahav , Ranit Aharonov , Noam Slonim

Recent advances in summary evaluation are based on model-based metrics to assess quality dimensions, such as completeness, conciseness, and faithfulness. However, these methods often require large language models, and predicted scores are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hongye Liu , Dhanajit Brahma , Ricardo Henao

Evaluation of a document summarization system has been a critical factor to impact the success of the summarization task. Previous approaches, such as ROUGE, mainly consider the informativeness of the assessed summary and require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Hanlu Wu , Tengfei Ma , Lingfei Wu , Tariro Manyumwa , Shouling Ji

The large size and complex decision mechanisms of state-of-the-art text classifiers make it difficult for humans to understand their predictions, leading to a potential lack of trust by the users. These issues have led to the adoption of…

Previous work has demonstrated that AI methods for analysing scientific literature benefit significantly from annotating sentences in papers according to their rhetorical roles, such as research gaps, results, limitations, extensions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Francisco Bolaños , Angelo Salatino , Francesco Osborne , Enrico Motta

Automatic summarization methods are efficient but can suffer from low quality. In comparison, manual summarization is expensive but produces higher quality. Can humans and AI collaborate to improve summarization performance? In similar text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Vivian Lai , Alison Smith-Renner , Ke Zhang , Ruijia Cheng , Wenjuan Zhang , Joel Tetreault , Alejandro Jaimes

When summarizing a collection of views, arguments or opinions on some topic, it is often desirable not only to extract the most salient points, but also to quantify their prevalence. Work on multi-document summarization has traditionally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Roy Bar-Haim , Yoav Kantor , Lilach Eden , Roni Friedman , Dan Lahav , Noam Slonim

Recent studies have found that summaries generated by large language models (LLMs) are favored by human annotators over the original reference summaries in commonly used summarization datasets. Therefore, we study an LLM-as-reference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Yixin Liu , Kejian Shi , Katherine S He , Longtian Ye , Alexander R. Fabbri , Pengfei Liu , Dragomir Radev , Arman Cohan

As language models become more powerful, training and evaluation are increasingly bottlenecked by the data and metrics used for a particular task. For example, summarization models are often trained to predict human reference summaries and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Nisan Stiennon , Long Ouyang , Jeff Wu , Daniel M. Ziegler , Ryan Lowe , Chelsea Voss , Alec Radford , Dario Amodei , Paul Christiano

Evaluations are critical for understanding the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Fundamentally, evaluations are experiments; but the literature on evaluations has largely ignored the literature from other sciences on experiment…

Applications · Statistics 2024-11-04 Evan Miller

Despite growing interest in using large language models (LLMs) to automate annotation, their effectiveness in complex, nuanced, and multi-dimensional labelling tasks remains relatively underexplored. This study focuses on annotation for the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Leila Tavakoli , Hamed Zamani