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Quantum computation promises applications that are thought to be impossible with classical computation. To realize practical quantum computation, the following three properties will be necessary: universality, scalability, and…

The variational principle serves as a fundamental framework for describing equilibrium states of physical systems via the minimization or extremization of an energy-like functional. While quantum algorithms have demonstrated promising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-26 Katsuhiro Endo , Kazuaki Z. Takahashi

Distributed quantum computing (DQC) is a promising technique for scaling up quantum systems. While significant progress has been made in DQC for quantum circuit models, there exists much less research on DQC for measurement-based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Yecheng Xue , Rui Yang , Zhiding Liang , Tongyang Li

Progress in fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC) has driven the pursuit of practical applications with early fault-tolerant quantum computers (EFTQC). These devices, limited in their qubit counts and fault-tolerance capabilities,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-06 Qiyao Liang , Yiqing Zhou , Archismita Dalal , Peter D. Johnson

In blind quantum computation (BQC), a client delegates her quantum computation to a server with universal quantum computers who learns nothing about the client's private information. In measurement-based BQC model, entangled states are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-27 Xiaoqian Zhang , Weiqi Luo , Guoqiang Zeng , Jian Weng , Yaxi Yang , Minrong Chen , Xiaoqing Tan

The overhead of quantum error correction (QEC) poses a major bottleneck for realizing fault-tolerant computation. To reduce this overhead, we exploit the idea of erasure qubits, relying on an efficient conversion of the dominant noise into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Shouzhen Gu , Alex Retzker , Aleksander Kubica

In this paper we provide a basic introduction of the core ideas and theories surrounding fault-tolerant quantum computation. These concepts underly the theoretical framework of large-scale quantum computation and communications and are the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-18 Alexandru Paler , Simon J. Devitt

Quantum systems, in general, output data that cannot be simulated efficiently by a classical computer, and hence is useful for solving certain mathematical problems and simulating quantum many-body systems. This also implies, unfortunately,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Keisuke Fujii , Masahito Hayashi

Fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computing (MBQC) provides a compelling framework for fault-tolerant quantum computation, in which quantum information is processed through single-qubit measurements on a three-dimensional entangled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ahmed Adel Mahmoud , Gabrielle Tournaire , Sven Bachmann , Steven Rayan

In the early years of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC), it is expected that the available code distance and the number of magic states will be restricted due to the limited scalability of quantum devices and the insufficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-30 Yasunari Suzuki , Suguru Endo , Keisuke Fujii , Yuuki Tokunaga

Measurement based quantum computation (MBQC) is an effective paradigm for universal quantum computation. In this scheme, the universal set of quantum gates are realized by only local measurements on the prior prepared cluster states. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-26 Ding Zhong , Jian Wang , Ning Dai , Liang-Zhu Mu , Heng Fan

We present a fault-tolerant semi-global control strategy for universal quantum computers. We show that N-dimensional array of qubits where only (N-1)-dimensional addressing resolution is available is compatible with fault-tolerant universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-08-11 G. A. Paz-Silva , G. K. Brennen , J. Twamley

Modular architectures offer a scalable path toward fault-tolerant quantum computing by interconnecting smaller quantum processing units (QPUs) provided that high-rate, fault-tolerant interfaces can be realized across modules. We present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Frederik K. Marqversen , Gefen Baranes , Maxim Sirotin , Johannes Borregaard

Photonics represents one of the most promising approaches to large-scale quantum computation with millions of qubits and billions of gates, owing to the potential for room-temperature operation, high clock speeds, miniaturization of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Paul Renault , Patrick Yard , Raphael C. Pooser , Miller Eaton , Hussain Asim Zaidi

Fault-tolerant quantum computing is crucial for realizing large-scale quantum computation, and the interplay between hardware architecture and quantum error-correcting codes is a key consideration. We present a comparative study of two…

Fault-tolerant quantum computation can be achieved by creating constant-sized, entangled resource states and performing entangling measurements on subsets of their qubits. Linear optical quantum computers can be designed based on this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Brendan Pankovich , Alex Neville , Angus Kan , Srikrishna Omkar , Kwok Ho Wan , Kamil Brádler

The scalability of photonic implementations of fault-tolerant quantum computing based on Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) qubits is injured by the requirements of inline squeezing and reconfigurability of the linear optical network. In this…

In measurement-based quantum computing an algorithm is performed by measurements on highly-entangled resource states. To date, several implementations were demonstrated, all of them assuming perfect noise-free environments. Here we consider…

Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires gates which function correctly despite the presence of errors, and are scalable if the error probability-per-gate is below a threshold value. To date, no method has been described for calculating…

In this paper we present a new unified theoretical framework that describes the full dynamics of quantum computation. Our formulation allows any questions pertaining to the physical behavior of a quantum computer to be framed, and in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gerald Gilbert , Michael Hamrick , F. Javier Thayer