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This paper introduces context algebras and demonstrates their application to combining logical and vector-based representations of meaning. Other approaches to this problem attempt to reproduce aspects of logical semantics within new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2011-11-08 Daoud Clarke

Language models have recently been shown capable of performing regression wherein numeric predictions are represented as decoded strings. In this work, we provide theoretical grounds for this capability and furthermore investigate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Xingyou Song , Dara Bahri

Algorithm extraction aims to synthesize executable programs directly from models trained on algorithmic tasks, enabling de novo algorithm discovery without relying on human-written code. However, applying this paradigm to Transformer is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yifan Zhang , Wei Bi , Kechi Zhang , Dongming Jin , Jie Fu , Zhi Jin

Vector algebra is a powerful and needful tool for Physics but unfortunately, due to lack of mathematical skills, it becomes misleading for first undergraduate courses of science and engineering studies. Standard vector identities are…

General Physics · Physics 2009-04-14 Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Valverde , Maria Tirado-Miranda

We propose Logic Tensor Networks: a uniform framework for integrating automatic learning and reasoning. A logic formalism called Real Logic is defined on a first-order language whereby formulas have truth-value in the interval [0,1] and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-08 Luciano Serafini , Artur d'Avila Garcez

This study proposes a novel approach that combines theory and data-driven choice models using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). In particular, we use continuous vector representations, called embeddings, for encoding categorical or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-01 Ioanna Arkoudi , Carlos Lima Azevedo , Francisco C. Pereira

While neural network approaches are achieving breakthrough performance in the natural language related fields, there have been few similar attempts at mathematical language related tasks. In this study, we explore the potential of applying…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-08-30 Liangcai Gao , Zhuoren Jiang , Yue Yin , Ke Yuan , Zuoyu Yan , Zhi Tang

The ability of machine learning models to store input information in hidden layer vector embeddings, analogous to the concept of `memory', is widely employed but not well characterized. We find that language model embeddings typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Benjamin L. Badger

We encode/decode Prolog terms as unique natural numbers. Our encodings have the following properties: a) are bijective b) natural numbers always decode to syntactically valid terms c) they work in low polynomial time in the bitsize of the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2011-12-19 Paul Tarau

Learning latent representations from long text sequences is an important first step in many natural language processing applications. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have become a cornerstone for this challenging task. However, the quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Yizhe Zhang , Dinghan Shen , Guoyin Wang , Zhe Gan , Ricardo Henao , Lawrence Carin

Determining semantic textual similarity is a core research subject in natural language processing. Since vector-based models for sentence representation often use shallow information, capturing accurate semantics is difficult. By contrast,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-28 Hitomi Yanaka , Koji Mineshima , Pascual Martinez-Gomez , Daisuke Bekki

Techniques in which words are represented as vectors have proved useful in many applications in computational linguistics, however there is currently no general semantic formalism for representing meaning in terms of vectors. We present a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Daoud Clarke

Algorithmic meta-theorems state that problems definable in a fixed logic can be solved efficiently on structures with certain properties. An example is Courcelle's Theorem, which states that all problems expressible in monadic second-order…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Max Bannach , Markus Hecher

Learning vector representation for words is an important research field which may benefit many natural language processing tasks. Two limitations exist in nearly all available models, which are the bias caused by the context definition and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-01 Xuefeng Yang , Kezhi Mao

In this work, we interpret the representations of multi-object scenes in vision encoders through the lens of structured representations. Structured representations allow modeling of individual objects distinctly and their flexible use based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Tarun Khajuria , Braian Olmiro Dias , Marharyta Domnich , Jaan Aru

Recurrent Neural Networks are an effective and prevalent tool used to model sequential data such as natural language text. However, their deep nature and massive number of parameters pose a challenge for those intending to study precisely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Lindsey Sawatzky , Steven Bergner , Fred Popowich

We consider the task of automated theorem proving, a key AI task. Deep learning has shown promise for training theorem provers, but there are limited human-written theorems and proofs available for supervised learning. To address this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Mingzhe Wang , Jia Deng

Classical and exceptional Lie algebras and their representations are among the most important tools in the analysis of symmetry in physical systems. In this letter we show how the computation of tensor products and branching rules of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-04-22 Heng-Yu Chen , Yang-Hui He , Shailesh Lal , Suvajit Majumder

We propose and study a method for learning interpretable representations for the task of regression. Features are represented as networks of multi-type expression trees comprised of activation functions common in neural networks in addition…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-26 William La Cava , Tilak Raj Singh , James Taggart , Srinivas Suri , Jason H. Moore

The field of neuro-symbolic AI aims to benefit from the combination of neural networks and symbolic systems. A cornerstone of the field is the translation or encoding of symbolic knowledge into neural networks. Although many neuro-symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Simon Odense , Artur d'Avila Garcez