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As an ubiquitous method in natural language processing, word embeddings are extensively employed to map semantic properties of words into a dense vector representation. They capture semantic and syntactic relations among words but the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Lutfi Kerem Senel , Ihsan Utlu , Furkan Şahinuç , Haldun M. Ozaktas , Aykut Koç

Performing machine learning on structured data is complicated by the fact that such data does not have vectorial form. Therefore, multiple approaches have emerged to construct vectorial representations of structured data, from kernel and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Benjamin Paaßen , Claudio Gallicchio , Alessio Micheli , Alessandro Sperduti

Probing is widely used to study which features can be decoded from language model representations. However, the common decoding probe approach has two limitations that we aim to solve with our new encoding probe approach: contributions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Gaofei Shen , Martijn Bentum , Tom Lentz , Afra Alishahi , Grzegorz Chrupała

Deep generative models have been wildly successful at learning coherent latent representations for continuous data such as video and audio. However, generative modeling of discrete data such as arithmetic expressions and molecular…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-03-07 Matt J. Kusner , Brooks Paige , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Neural network architectures have been extensively employed in the fair representation learning setting, where the objective is to learn a new representation for a given vector which is independent of sensitive information. Various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Mattia Cerrato , Alesia Vallenas Coronel , Marius Köppel , Alexander Segner , Roberto Esposito , Stefan Kramer

Modern program verifiers use logic-based encodings of the verification problem that are discharged by a back end reasoning engine. However, instances of such encodings for large programs can quickly overwhelm these back end solvers. Hence,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-07-18 Peter Schrammel

We consider multi-class classification where the predictor has a hierarchical structure that allows for a very large number of labels both at train and test time. The predictive power of such models can heavily depend on the structure of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-03-06 Yacine Jernite , Anna Choromanska , David Sontag

We introduce a new construction of embeddings of arbitrary recursive data structures into high dimensional vectors. These embeddings provide an interpretable model for the latent state vectors of transformers. We demonstrate that these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Joshua Maher

The distributed representations currently used are dense and uninterpretable, leading to interpretations that themselves are relative, overcomplete, and hard to interpret. We propose a method that transforms these word vectors into reduced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Biraj Silwal

In this paper we explore how machine learning techniques can be applied to the discovery of efficient mathematical identities. We introduce an attribute grammar framework for representing symbolic expressions. Given a set of grammar rules…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-11-07 Wojciech Zaremba , Karol Kurach , Rob Fergus

Neural networks have greatly boosted performance in computer vision by learning powerful representations of input data. The drawback of end-to-end training for maximal overall performance are black-box models whose hidden representations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Patrick Esser , Robin Rombach , Björn Ommer

Latent tree learning(LTL) methods learn to parse sentences using only indirect supervision from a downstream task. Recent advances in latent tree learning have made it possible to recover moderately high quality tree structures by training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Phu Mon Htut , Kyunghyun Cho , Samuel R. Bowman

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) are high-dimensional vector representations of objects (eg., words, image parts), relations (eg., sentence structures), and sequences for use with machine learning algorithms. They consist of a vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-02 Stephen I. Gallant , T. Wendy Okaywe

Encodings, that is, injective functions from words to words, have been studied extensively in several settings. In computability theory the notion of encoding is crucial for defining computability on arbitrary domains, as well as for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-01-21 Jörg Endrullis , Clemens Grabmayer , Dimitri Hendriks

Despite the extensive success of pretrained language models as encoders for building NLP systems, they haven't seen prominence as decoders for sequence generation tasks. We explore the question of whether these models can be adapted to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-21 Nishant Subramani , Nivedita Suresh

Powerful sentence encoders trained for multiple languages are on the rise. These systems are capable of embedding a wide range of linguistic properties into vector representations. While explicit probing tasks can be used to verify the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Maarten De Raedt , Fréderic Godin , Pieter Buteneers , Chris Develder , Thomas Demeester

Representation is a core issue in artificial intelligence. Humans use discrete language to communicate and learn from each other, while machines use continuous features (like vector, matrix, or tensor in deep neural networks) to represent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Yuqi Wang , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu , Zhaoxiang Zhang

The paper introduces two new aggregation functions to encode structural knowledge from tree-structured data. They leverage the Canonical and Tensor-Train decompositions to yield expressive context aggregation while limiting the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Daniele Castellana , Davide Bacciu

Vector Symbolic Architectures belong to a family of related cognitive modeling approaches that encode symbols and structures in high-dimensional vectors. Similar to human subjects, whose capacity to process and store information or concepts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-02 Florian Mirus , Terrence C. Stewart , Jorg Conradt

Recurrent auto-encoder model summarises sequential data through an encoder structure into a fixed-length vector and then reconstructs the original sequence through the decoder structure. The summarised vector can be used to represent time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Timothy Wong , Zhiyuan Luo