Related papers: On Mass and Matter
Gravitational form factors (GFFs) of hadrons encode essential information about the internal distributions of mass, spin, pressure, and shear among their quark and gluon constituents. We compute the quark and gluon GFFs of the proton using…
It is illustrated that quantum nucleardynamics (QND) as an SU(2)_N x U(1)_Z gauge theory, which is generated from quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as an SU(3)_C gauge theory through dynamical spontaneous symmetry breaking, successfully…
Correlations of composites corresponding to baryons and mesons are composed within the derivative expansion. The expansion in energy scales permits a quantitative, algebraic description at various energy scales in QCD. The masses in QCD are…
Ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions at the laboratory provide a unique chance to study quantum chromodynamics (QCD) under extreme temperature (${\approx}150\,\mathrm{MeV}$) and density (${\approx}1\,\mathrm{GeV}/\mathrm{fm}^3$)…
A basic understanding of the relevant features of hadron properties from first principles QCD has remained elusive, and should be understood as emergent phenomena which depend critically on the number of dimensions of physical spacetime.…
Quarks and gluons are the fundamental constituents of nucleons. Their interactions rather than their mass, is responsible for $99\%$ of the mass of all visible matter in the universe. Measuring the fundamental properties of matter has had a…
Lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD), defined on a discrete space time lattice, leads to a spectacular non-perturbative prediction of a new state of matter, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP), at sufficiently high temperatures or equivalently…
The strong interaction is the fundamental force that holds quarks and the gluon force carriers together to form protons and neutrons and also binds the atomic nucleus. The theory governing quark-gluon interactions is Quantum Chromodynamics…
Well known scaling laws among the structural properties of the dark and the luminous matter in disc systems are too complex to be arisen by two inert components that just share the same gravitational field. This brings us to critically…
Experimental findings of recent years blurred the frontier between large and small systems. The features attributed to the Quark Gluon Plasma formation have also been found in smaller systems when measuring particle production in high…
The currently accepted mathematical description of the fundamental constituents and interactions of matter is the Standard Model of particle physics. Its last missing particle, the famous Higgs boson, was observed at the Large Hadron…
We study the anomalous scale symmetry breaking effects on the proton mass in QCD due to quantum fluctuations at ultraviolet scales. We confirm that a novel contribution naturally arises as a part of the proton mass, which we call the…
We show how and why the small distance ("hard") interaction, calculable in perturbative QCD, provides a mass cutoff in Gribov's formula for photon-proton collisions. This enables us to find a new and more restrictive bound for this process,…
It is assumed, that there are two scales in quantum gravity. Metric fluctuates at the scales of the order of the Plank mass. The second scale $M_T$ is related to the fluctuations of torsion. We suppose, that it may be as low as $M_T \sim 1$…
Matter described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions, may undergo phase transitions when its temperature and the chemical potentials are varied. QCD at finite temperature is studied in the laboratory by…
Gluon distributions of colliding hadrons saturate as a result of the non-linear evolution equations of QCD. As a consequence there exists the so called saturation momentum, which is related to the gluon density per unit rapidity per…
The electroweak Higgs boson has been discovered in ongoing experiments at the LHC, leading to a mass of this particle of 126 GeV. This Higgs boson mediates the generation of mass for elementary particles, including the mass of elementary…
I give a pedagogical introduction to some of the many particles and gauge fields that can emerge in correlated matter. The standard model of materials is built on Landau's foundational principles: adiabatic continuity and spontaneous…
Our universe was born about 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot and dense singular point, in a process known as the Big Bang. The hot and dense matter which dominated the system within a few microseconds of its birth was in the…
Two different approaches to mass and structure of the nucleon are discussed in recent works, ${\it viz.}$ (case 1) the QCD lagrangian evaluated via lattice calculations and (case ii) spontaneous symmetry breaking mediated by the $\sigma$…