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Context: Safety is of paramount importance for cyber-physical systems in domains such as automotive, robotics, and avionics. Formal methods such as model checking are one way to ensure the safety of cyber-physical systems. However, adoption…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Arut Prakash Kaleeswaran , Arne Nordmann , Thomas Vogel , Lars Grunske

Externally controlled trials (ECTs) are increasingly used when randomized controls are infeasible, unethical, or insufficient, including applications in rare diseases, oncology, pediatrics, and post-approval effectiveness research. Although…

A fail-operational system for highly automated driving must complete the driving task even in the presence of a failure. This requires redundant architectures and a mechanism to reconfigure the system in case of a failure. Therefore, an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Tobias Schmid , Stefanie Schraufstetter , Jonas Fritzsch , Dominik Hellhake , Greta Koelln , Stefan Wagner

In many contexts, it can be useful for domain experts to understand to what extent predictions made by a machine learning model can be trusted. In particular, estimates of trustworthiness can be useful for fraud analysts who process machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-09 Hilde J. P. Weerts , Werner van Ipenburg , Mykola Pechenizkiy

The paper reviews methods that seek to draw causal inference from observational data and demonstrates how they can be applied to empirical problems in engineering research. It presents a framework for causal identification based on the…

Applications · Statistics 2022-11-28 Daniel J Graham

The synthetic control method (SCM) is a widely used tool for evaluating causal effects of policy changes in panel data settings. Recent studies have extended its framework to accommodate complex outcomes that take values in metric spaces,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-13 Ryo Okano , Daisuke Kurisu

Fault tree analysis is a technique widely used in risk and reliability analysis of complex engineering systems given its deductive nature and relatively simple interpretation. In a fault tree, events are usually represented by a binary…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Gabriel San Martin Silva , Tarannom Parhizkar , Enrique Lopez Droguett

Large language models (LLMs) show significant potential for clinical decision support (CDS), yet their black-box nature -- characterized by untraceable reasoning and probabilistic hallucinations -- poses severe challenges in acupuncture, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Liuyi Xu , Yun Guo , Ming Chen , Zihan Dun , Yining Qian , An-Yang Lu , Shuang Li , Lijun Liu

Since their introduction by Atserias, Kolaitis, and Vardi in 2004, proof systems where each line is represented by an ordered binary decision diagram (OBDD) have been intensively studied as they allow to compactly represent Boolean…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Matthäus Micun , Christoph Berkholz

We develop a categorical foundation for belief propagation on factor graphs. We construct the free hypergraph category \(\Syn_\Sigma\) on a typed signature and prove its universal property, yielding compositional semantics via a unique…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Enrique ter Horst , Sridhar Mahadevan , Juan Diego Zambrano

The high rate of false alarms from static analysis tools and Large Language Models (LLMs) complicates vulnerability detection in Solidity Smart Contracts, demanding methods that can formally or empirically prove the presence of defects.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Ştefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

A structural causal model is made of endogenous (manifest) and exogenous (latent) variables. We show that endogenous observations induce linear constraints on the probabilities of the exogenous variables. This allows to exactly map a causal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Marco Zaffalon , Alessandro Antonucci , Rafael Cabañas

Robotics and Autonomous Systems are increasingly deployed in safety-critical domains, so that demonstrating their safety is essential. Assurance Cases (ACs) provide structured arguments supported by evidence, but generating and maintaining…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Fang Yan , Simon Foster , Ana Cavalcanti , Ibrahim Habli , James Baxter

Conformal field theory (CFT) is an extremely powerful tool for explicitly computing critical exponents and correlation functions of statistical mechanics systems at a second order phase transition, or of condensed matter systems at a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-02-23 Alessandro Giuliani

Safety-critical planning in complex environments, particularly at urban intersections, remains a fundamental challenge for autonomous driving. Existing methods, whether rule-based or data-driven, frequently struggle to capture complex scene…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kefei Tian , Yuansheng Lian , Kai Yang , Xiangdong Chen , Shen Li

A vast amount of expert and domain knowledge is captured by causal structural priors, yet there has been little research on testing such priors for generalization and data synthesis purposes. We propose a novel model architecture, Causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Jeffrey Jiang , Omead Pooladzandi , Sunay Bhat , Gregory Pottie

Formal verification is a promising method for producing reliable software, but the difficulty of manually writing verification proofs severely limits its utility in practice. Recent methods have automated some proof synthesis by guiding a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Alex Sanchez-Stern , Abhishek Varghese , Zhanna Kaufman , Dylan Zhang , Talia Ringer , Yuriy Brun

This work proposes to put up a tool for diagnosing multi faults based on model using techniques of detection and localization inspired from the community of artificial intelligence and that of automatic. The diagnostic procedure to be…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2012-03-27 Imtiez Fliss , Moncef Tagina

High-fidelity Monte Carlo simulations and complex inverse problems, such as mapping smeared experimental observations to ground-truth states, are computationally intensive yet essential for robust data analysis. Conditional Flow Matching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Zeyu Xia , Tyler Kim , Trevor Reed , Judy Fox , Geoffrey Fox , Adam Szczepaniak

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been used as experts to infer causal graphs, often by repeatedly applying a pairwise prompt that asks about the causal relationship of each variable pair. However, such experts, including human domain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Aniket Vashishtha , Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Abhinav Kumar , Saketh Bachu , Vineeth N Balasubramanian , Amit Sharma