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Interactive Educational Systems (IES) enabled researchers to trace student knowledge in different skills and provide recommendations for a better learning path. To estimate the student knowledge and further predict their future performance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Varun Mandalapu , Jiaqi Gong , Lujie Chen

For offering proactive services to students in intelligent education, one of the fundamental tasks is predicting their performance (e.g., scores) on future exercises, where it is necessary to track each student's knowledge acquisition…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Qi Liu , Zhenya Huang , Yu Yin , Enhong Chen , Hui Xiong , Yu Su , Guoping Hu

The field of Knowledge Tracing is focused on predicting the success rate of a student for a given skill. Modern methods like Deep Knowledge Tracing provide accurate estimates given enough data, but being based on neural networks they…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-20 Hildo Bijl

Knowledge Tracing (KT) monitors students' knowledge states and simulates their responses to question sequences. Existing KT models typically follow a single-step training paradigm, which leads to discrepancies with the multi-step inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Lingyue Fu , Ting Long , Jianghao Lin , Wei Xia , Xinyi Dai , Ruiming Tang , Yasheng Wang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Knowledge tracing (KT) plays a crucial role in computer-aided education and intelligent tutoring systems, aiming to assess students' knowledge proficiency by predicting their future performance on new questions based on their past response…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Jiajun Cui , Minghe Yu , Bo Jiang , Aimin Zhou , Jianyong Wang , Wei Zhang

With the continuous deepening and development of the concept of smart education, learners' comprehensive development and individual needs have received increasing attention. However, traditional educational evaluation systems tend to assess…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Zhifeng Wang , Jiaqin Wan , Yang Yang , Chunyan Zeng , Jialiang Shen

Knowledge Tracing (KT) serves as a fundamental component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), enabling these systems to monitor and understand learners' progress by modeling their knowledge state. However, many existing KT models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Jing Xiao , Chang You , Zhiyu Chen

Knowledge distillation is a popular machine learning technique that aims to transfer knowledge from a large 'teacher' network to a smaller 'student' network and improve the student's performance by training it to emulate the teacher. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Sushil Thapa

Knowledge tracing refers to a family of methods that estimate each student's knowledge component/skill mastery level from their past responses to questions. One key limitation of most existing knowledge tracing methods is that they can only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Aritra Ghosh , Jay Raspat , Andrew Lan

In recent years, deep neural networks have been successful in both industry and academia, especially for computer vision tasks. The great success of deep learning is mainly due to its scalability to encode large-scale data and to maneuver…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Jianping Gou , Baosheng Yu , Stephen John Maybank , Dacheng Tao

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a widely adopted approach for compressing large neural networks by transferring knowledge from a large teacher model to a smaller student model. In the context of large language models, token level KD,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yihan Cao , Yanbin Kang , Zhengming Xing , Ruijie Jiang

Knowledge tracing has been widely used in online learning systems to guide the students' future learning. However, most existing KT models primarily focus on extracting abundant information from the question sets and explore the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Shanshan Wang , Fangzheng Yuan , Keyang Wang , Xun Yang , Xingyi Zhang , Meng Wang

Knowledge components (KCs) mapped to problems help model student learning, tracking their mastery levels on fine-grained skills thereby facilitating personalized learning and feedback in online learning platforms. However, crafting and…

In this paper, we study knowledge tracing in the domain of programming education and make two important contributions. First, we harvest and publish so far the most comprehensive dataset, namely BePKT, which covers various online behaviors…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Renyu Zhu , Dongxiang Zhang , Chengcheng Han , Ming Gao , Xuesong Lu , Weining Qian , Aoying Zhou

Programming Knowledge Tracing (PKT) has recently advanced through hybrid approaches that integrate attention-based feature modeling for code representation with RNN-based sequential prediction. While these models report strong empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Jaewook Kim , Hyeoncheol Kim

Deep learning based models are relatively large, and it is hard to deploy such models on resource-limited devices such as mobile phones and embedded devices. One possible solution is knowledge distillation whereby a smaller model (student…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Abdolmaged Alkhulaifi , Fahad Alsahli , Irfan Ahmad

Knowledge distillation (KD), as an efficient and effective model compression technique, has been receiving considerable attention in deep learning. The key to its success is to transfer knowledge from a large teacher network to a small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Liyuan Sun , Jianping Gou , Baosheng Yu , Lan Du , Dacheng Tao

Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally with the goal of achieving two main objectives: overcoming catastrophic forgetting (CF) and encouraging knowledge transfer (KT) across tasks. However, most existing techniques…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu , Nianzu Ma , Hu Xu , Lei Shu

The development of intelligent tutoring system has greatly influenced the way students learn and practice, which increases their learning efficiency. The intelligent tutoring system must model learners' mastery of the knowledge before…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Junhao Zeng , Qingchun Zhang , Ning Xie , Bochun Yang

Deep learning based knowledge tracing model has been shown to outperform traditional knowledge tracing model without the need for human-engineered features, yet its parameters and representations have long been criticized for not being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Chun-Kit Yeung