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Knowledge tracing (KT), wherein students' problem-solving histories are used to estimate their current levels of knowledge, has attracted significant interest from researchers. However, most existing KT models were developed with an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Heeseok Jung , Jaesang Yoo , Yohaan Yoon , Yeonju Jang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is committed to capturing students' knowledge mastery from their historical interactions. Simulating students' memory states is a promising approach to enhance both the performance and interpretability of knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mingrong Lin , Ke Deng , Zhengyang Wu , Zetao Zheng , Jie Li

In education applications, knowledge tracing refers to the problem of estimating students' time-varying concept/skill mastery level from their past responses to questions and predicting their future performance. One key limitation of most…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Richard G. Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Knowledge Tracing (KT) infers a student's knowledge state from past interactions to predict future performance. Conventional Deep Learning (DL)-based KT models are typically tied to platform-specific identifiers and latent representations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhiyi Duan , Hongyu Yuan , Rui Liu

With more deep learning techniques being introduced into the knowledge tracing domain, the interpretability issue of the knowledge tracing models has aroused researchers' attention. Our previous study(Lu et al. 2020) on building and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Deliang Wang , Yu Lu , Qinggang Meng , Penghe Chen

Knowledge tracing (KT) models are a crucial basis for pedagogical decision-making, namely which task to select next for a learner and when to stop teaching a particular skill. Given the high stakes of pedagogical decisions, KT models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Adia Khalid , Alina Deriyeva , Benjamin Paassen

Knowledge tracing (KT) supports personalized learning by modeling how students' knowledge states evolve over time. However, most KT models emphasize mastery of discrete knowledge components, limiting their ability to characterize broader…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhifeng Wang , Yaowei Dong , Chunyan Zeng

Monitoring student knowledge states or skill acquisition levels known as knowledge tracing, is a fundamental part of intelligent tutoring systems. Despite its inherent challenges, recent deep neural networks based knowledge tracing models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Zhiwei Wang , Xiaoqin Feng , Jiliang Tang , Gale Yan Huang , Zitao Liu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) has been an established problem in the educational data mining field for decades, and it is commonly assumed that the underlying learning process being modeled remains static. Given the ever-changing landscape of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Morgan Lee , Artem Frenk , Eamon Worden , Karish Gupta , Thinh Pham , Ethan Croteau , Neil Heffernan

Predicting future student responses to questions is particularly valuable for educational learning platforms where it enables effective interventions. One of the key approaches to do this has been through the use of knowledge tracing (KT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Prarthana Bhattacharyya , Joshua Mitton , Ralph Abboud , Simon Woodhead

With the recent surge in personalized learning, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) that can accurately track students' individual knowledge states and provide tailored learning paths based on this information are in demand as an essential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wonbeen Lee , Channyoung Lee , Junho Sohn , Hansam Cho

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to trace changes in students' knowledge states throughout their entire learning process by analyzing their historical learning data and predicting their future learning performance. Existing forgetting curve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Shanshan Wang , Ying Hu , Xun Yang , Zhongzhou Zhang , Keyang Wang , Xingyi Zhang

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to monitor students' evolving knowledge states through their learning interactions with concept-related questions, and can be indirectly evaluated by predicting how students will perform on future questions. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Chaoran Cui , Hebo Ma , Chen Zhang , Chunyun Zhang , Yumo Yao , Meng Chen , Yuling Ma

Recent student knowledge modeling algorithms such as Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks (DKVMN) have been shown to produce accurate predictions of problem correctness within the same learning system. However,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Richard Scruggs , Ryan S. Baker , Bruce M. McLaren

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' knowledge states based on learning interactions to predict performance. While deep learning-based KT models have boosted predictive accuracy, most models rely on deterministic vector embeddings and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Siyu Wu , Cong Xu , Wei Zhang

Personalized instruction aims to provide learners with support that adapts to their individual knowledge and progress toward learning objectives. Discovering and tracing Knowledge Components (KCs) is an important step in building accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Muntasir Hoq , Griffin Pitts , Tirth Bhatt , Aum Pandya , Andrew Lan , Peter Brusilovsky , Bita Akram

Despite deep neural networks have demonstrated extraordinary power in various applications, their superior performances are at expense of high storage and computational costs. Consequently, the acceleration and compression of neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-12-20 Zehao Huang , Naiyan Wang

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), such as Massive Open Online Courses, offer new opportunities for human learning. At the core of such systems, knowledge tracing (KT) predicts students' future performance by analyzing their historical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hengyu Liu , Yushuai Li , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Torben Bach Pedersen , Kristian Torp , Christian S. Jensen , Tianyi Li

Designed to track changes in students' knowledge status and predict their future answers based on students' historical answer records. Current research on KT modeling focuses on predicting future student performance based on existing,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Lixiang Xu , Xianwei Ding , Xin Yuan , Zhanlong Wang , Lu Bai , Enhong Chen , Philip S. Yu , Yuanyan Tang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model student's knowledge state and predict future performance to enable personalized learning in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. However, traditional KT methods face fundamental limitations in explainability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Jungyang Park , Suho Kang , Jaewoo Park , Jaehong Kim , Jaewoo Shin , Seonjoon Park , Youngjae Yu