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Related papers: LIME: Learning Inductive Bias for Primitives of Ma…

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While neural networks are good at learning unspecified functions from training samples, they cannot be directly implemented in hardware and are often not interpretable or formally verifiable. On the other hand, logic circuits are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Tobias Brudermueller , Dennis L. Shung , Adrian J. Stanley , Johannes Stegmaier , Smita Krishnaswamy

Running LLMs with extended reasoning on every problem is expensive, but determining which inputs actually require additional compute remains challenging. We investigate whether their own likelihood of success is recoverable from their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 William Lugoloobi , Thomas Foster , William Bankes , Chris Russell

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). While RL has demonstrated substantial performance gains, it still faces key challenges, including low…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yihang Yao , Guangtao Zeng , Raina Wu , Yang Zhang , Ding Zhao , Zhang-Wei Hong , Chuang Gan

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit cognitive biases -- systematic tendencies of irrational decision-making, similar to those seen in humans. Prior work has found that these biases vary across models and can be amplified by instruction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Itay Itzhak , Yonatan Belinkov , Gabriel Stanovsky

This paper introduces PRIMETIME, a synthetic generator that supports both benchmarking and fine-tuning of two primitive operations underlying temporal reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs): parsing and arithmetic on datetimes. Existing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Edward Gaere , Florian Wangenheim

Artificial neural networks can acquire many aspects of human knowledge from data, making them promising as models of human learning. But what those networks can learn depends upon their inductive biases -- the factors other than the data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Gianluca Bencomo , Max Gupta , Ioana Marinescu , R. Thomas McCoy , Thomas L. Griffiths

The development of autonomous tool-use agents for complex, long-horizon tasks in collaboration with human users has become the frontier of agentic research. During multi-turn Human-AI interactions, the dynamic and uncertain nature of user…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Prince Zizhuang Wang , Shuli Jiang

A major problem in machine learning is that of inductive bias: how to choose a learner's hypothesis space so that it is large enough to contain a solution to the problem being learnt, yet small enough to ensure reliable generalization from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-02 J. Baxter

Recent deep learning methods for fMRI-based diagnosis have achieved promising accuracy by modeling functional connectivity networks. However, standard approaches often struggle with noisy interactions, and conventional post-hoc attribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Kunyu Zhang , Yanwu Yang , Jing Zhang , Xiangjie Shi , Shujian Yu

In contrast to RNNs, which compress their history into a single hidden state, Transformers can attend to all past tokens directly. However, standard Transformers rely solely on the hidden state from the previous layer to represent the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Gleb Gerasimov , Yaroslav Aksenov , Nikita Balagansky , Viacheslav Sinii , Daniil Gavrilov

How do latent and inference time computations enable large language models (LLMs) to solve multi-step reasoning? We introduce a framework for tracing and steering algorithmic primitives that underlie model reasoning. Our approach links…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Samuel Lippl , Thomas McGee , Kimberly Lopez , Ziwen Pan , Pierce Zhang , Salma Ziadi , Oliver Eberle , Ida Momennejad

Explainability of neural network prediction is essential to understand feature importance and gain interpretable insight into neural network performance. However, explanations of neural network outcomes are mostly limited to visualization,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Arnab Neelim Mazumder , Niall Lyons , Ashutosh Pandey , Avik Santra , Tinoosh Mohsenin

We demonstrate that architectures which traditionally are considered to be ill-suited for a task can be trained using inductive biases from another architecture. We call a network untrainable when it overfits, underfits, or converges to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Vighnesh Subramaniam , David Mayo , Colin Conwell , Tomaso Poggio , Boris Katz , Brian Cheung , Andrei Barbu

Compute scaling for language model (LM) pretraining has outpaced the growth of human-written texts, leading to concerns that data will become the bottleneck to LM scaling. To continue scaling pretraining in this data-constrained regime, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yangjun Ruan , Neil Band , Chris J. Maddison , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Models need appropriate inductive biases to effectively learn from small amounts of data and generalize systematically outside of the training distribution. While Transformers are highly versatile and powerful, they can still benefit from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Matthias Lindemann , Alexander Koller , Ivan Titov

Transformer architectures have achieved great success in solving natural language tasks, which learn strong language representations from large-scale unlabeled texts. In this paper, we seek to go further beyond and explore a new logical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Jianshu Chen

The ability to learn and predict simple functions is a key aspect of human intelligence. Recent works have started to explore this ability using transformer architectures, however it remains unclear whether this is sufficient to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Simon Segert , Jonathan Cohen

Temporal action abstractions, along with belief state representations, are a powerful knowledge sharing mechanism for sequential decision making. In this work, we propose a novel view that treats inducing temporal action abstractions as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ruijie Zheng , Ching-An Cheng , Hal Daumé , Furong Huang , Andrey Kolobov

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as reasoners and automated evaluators, yet they remain susceptible to cognitive biases -- often altering their reasoning when faced with spurious prompt-level cues such as consensus claims or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Qian Wang , Xuandong Zhao , Zirui Zhang , Zhanzhi Lou , Nuo Chen , Dawn Song , Bingsheng He

Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) is a popular technique used to increase the interpretability and explainability of black box Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. LIME typically generates an explanation for a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Muhammad Rehman Zafar , Naimul Mefraz Khan