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We study the approximation of the median of $d$ inputs using ReLU neural networks. We present depth-width tradeoffs under several settings, culminating in a constant-depth, linear-width construction that achieves exponentially small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Abhigyan Dutta , Itay Safran , Paul Valiant

Areas of computational mechanics such as uncertainty quantification and optimization usually involve repeated evaluation of numerical models that represent the behavior of engineering systems. In the case of complex nonlinear systems…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 A. O. M. Kilicsoy , J. Liedmann , M. A. Valdebenito , F. -J. Barthold , M. G. R. Faes

This paper investigates the approximation properties of deep neural networks with piecewise-polynomial activation functions. We derive the required depth, width, and sparsity of a deep neural network to approximate any H\"{o}lder smooth…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Denis Belomestny , Alexey Naumov , Nikita Puchkin , Sergey Samsonov

The activation function is at the heart of a deep neural networks nonlinearity; the choice of the function has great impact on the success of training. Currently, many practitioners prefer the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jordan Inturrisi , Sui Yang Khoo , Abbas Kouzani , Riccardo Pagliarella

The manifold hypothesis says that natural high-dimensional data lie on or around a low-dimensional manifold. The recent success of statistical and learning-based methods in very high dimensions empirically supports this hypothesis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Hong Ye Tan , Subhadip Mukherjee , Junqi Tang , Carola-Bibiane Schönlieb

We prove that multilevel Picard approximations and deep neural networks with ReLU, leaky ReLU, and softplus activation are capable of approximating solutions of semilinear Kolmogorov PDEs in $L^\mathfrak{p}$-sense, $\mathfrak{p}\in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Ariel Neufeld , Tuan Anh Nguyen

We show that artificial neural networks with rectifier units as activation functions can exactly represent the piecewise affine function that results from the formulation of model predictive control of linear time-invariant systems. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-01 Benjamin Karg , Sergio Lucia

As modern deep learning architectures grow in complexity, representational ambiguity emerges as a critical barrier to their interpretability and reliable merging. For ReLU networks, identical functional mappings can be achieved through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Kutomanov Hennadii

A wide variety of activation functions have been proposed for neural networks. The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is especially popular today. There are many practical reasons that motivate the use of the ReLU. This paper provides new…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-19 Rahul Parhi , Robert D. Nowak

In neural networks, non-linearity is introduced by activation functions. One commonly used activation function is Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). ReLU has been a popular choice as an activation but has flaws. State-of-the-art functions like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Advait Vagerwal

Feed-forward ReLU neural networks partition their input domain into finitely many "affine regions" of constant neuron activation pattern and affine behaviour. We analyze their mathematical structure and provide algorithmic primitives for an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-09 Peter Hinz , Sara van de Geer

Although Deep Neural Networks have seen great success in recent years through various changes in overall architectures and optimization strategies, their fundamental underlying design remains largely unchanged. Computational neuroscience on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Paul Bertens , Seong-Whan Lee

In this paper, we demonstrate the application of generalised rational uniform (Chebyshev) approximation in neural networks. In particular, our activation functions are one degree rational functions and the loss function is based on the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-05 Vinesha Peiris

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) powered by neural net approximation of the Q function has had enormous empirical success. While the theory of RL has traditionally focused on linear function approximation (or eluder dimension) approaches,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Baihe Huang , Kaixuan Huang , Sham M. Kakade , Jason D. Lee , Qi Lei , Runzhe Wang , Jiaqi Yang

In this work, we propose to train a deep neural network by distributed optimization over a graph. Two nonlinear functions are considered: the rectified linear unit (ReLU) and a linear unit with both lower and upper cutoffs (DCutLU). The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Guoqiang Zhang , W. Bastiaan Kleijn

The choice of activation functions in deep networks has a significant effect on the training dynamics and task performance. Currently, the most successful and widely-used activation function is the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU). Although…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-30 Prajit Ramachandran , Barret Zoph , Quoc V. Le

Rectifier neuron units (ReLUs) have been widely used in deep convolutional networks. An ReLU converts negative values to zeros, and does not change positive values, which leads to a high sparsity of neurons. In this work, we first examine…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Shaohuai Shi , Xiaowen Chu

In this work, we consider the approximation capabilities of shallow neural networks in weighted Sobolev spaces for functions in the spectral Barron space. The existing literature already covers several cases, in which the spectral Barron…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Ahmed Abdeljawad , Thomas Dittrich

We study approximation and statistical learning properties of deep ReLU networks under structural assumptions that mitigate the curse of dimensionality. We prove minimax-optimal uniform approximation rates for $s$-H\"older smooth functions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Thomas Nagler , Sophie Langer

This paper explores the expressive power of deep neural networks for a diverse range of activation functions. An activation function set $\mathscr{A}$ is defined to encompass the majority of commonly used activation functions, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Shijun Zhang , Jianfeng Lu , Hongkai Zhao