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Optional type annotations allow for enriching dynamic programming languages with static typing features like better Integrated Development Environment (IDE) support, more precise program analysis, and early detection and prevention of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Bernd Gruner , Tim Sonnekalb , Thomas S. Heinze , Clemens-Alexander Brust

Python's dynamic type system, while offering significant flexibility and expressiveness, poses substantial challenges for static analysis and automated tooling, particularly in unannotated or partially annotated codebases. Existing type…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Ali Aman , Muhammad Asaduzzaman , Shaowei Wang

Due to the rise of machine learning, Python is an increasingly popular programming language. Python, however, is dynamically typed. Dynamic typing has shown to have drawbacks when a project grows, while at the same time it improves…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Casper Boone , Niels de Bruin , Arjan Langerak , Fabian Stelmach

Type annotations in Python enhance maintainability and error detection. However, generating these annotations manually is error prone and requires extra effort. Traditional automation approaches like static analysis, machine learning, and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Varun Bharti , Shashwat Jha , Dhruv Kumar , Pankaj Jalote

Python type annotations enable static type checking, but most code remains untyped because manual annotation is time-consuming and tedious. Past approaches to automatic type inference fall short: static methods struggle with dynamic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Juan Altmayer Pizzorno , Emery D. Berger

Python type inference is challenging in practice. Due to its dynamic properties and extensive dependencies on third-party libraries without type annotations, the performance of traditional static analysis techniques is limited. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Siwei Cui , Gang Zhao , Zeyu Dai , Luochao Wang , Ruihong Huang , Jeff Huang

Gradual typing enables developers to annotate types of their own choosing, offering a flexible middle ground between no type annotations and a fully statically typed language. As more and more code bases get type-annotated, static type…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Yiu Wai Chow , Luca Di Grazia , Michael Pradel

Dynamic languages (such as Python and JavaScript) offer flexibility and simplified type handling for programming, but this can also lead to an increase in type-related errors and additional overhead for compile-time type inference. As a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Teyu Lin , Minghao Fan , Huaxun Huang , Zhirong Shen , Rongxin Wu

Type inference methods based on deep learning are becoming increasingly popular as they aim to compensate for the drawbacks of static and dynamic analysis approaches, such as high uncertainty. However, their practical application is still…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Jonathan Elkobi , Bernd Gruner , Tim Sonnekalb , Clemens-Alexander Brust

Type inference for dynamic programming languages such as Python is an important yet challenging task. Static type inference techniques can precisely infer variables with enough static constraints but are unable to handle variables with…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Yun Peng , Cuiyun Gao , Zongjie Li , Bowei Gao , David Lo , Qirun Zhang , Michael Lyu

Recently, dynamically typed languages, such as Python, have gained unprecedented popularity. Although these languages alleviate the need for mandatory type annotations, types still play a critical role in program understanding and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Julian Dolby , Kavitha Srinivas

In this paper, we present ManyTypes4Py, a large Python dataset for machine learning (ML)-based type inference. The dataset contains a total of 5,382 Python projects with more than 869K type annotations. Duplicate source code files were…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Amir M. Mir , Evaldas Latoskinas , Georgios Gousios

Automated regression test generation has been extensively explored, yet generating high-quality tests for Python programs remains particularly challenging. Because of the Python's dynamic typing features, existing approaches, ranging from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Runlin Liu , Zhe Zhang , Yunge Hu , Yuhang Lin , Xiang Gao , Hailong Sun

Statically analyzing dynamically-typed code is a challenging endeavor, as even seemingly trivial tasks such as determining the targets of procedure calls are non-trivial without knowing the types of objects at compile time. Addressing this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Lukas Seidel , Sedick David Baker Effendi , Xavier Pinho , Konrad Rieck , Brink van der Merwe , Fabian Yamaguchi

Python is a popular dynamic programming language, evidenced by its ranking as the second most commonly used language on GitHub. However, its dynamic type system can lead to potential type errors, leading researchers to explore automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Yun Peng , Chaozheng Wang , Wenxuan Wang , Cuiyun Gao , Michael R. Lyu

Maintaining large code bases written in dynamically typed languages, such as JavaScript or Python, can be challenging due to the absence of type annotations: simple data compatibility errors proliferate, IDE support is limited, and APIs are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Michael Pradel , Georgios Gousios , Jason Liu , Satish Chandra

Gradual typing has gained popularity as a design choice for integrating static and dynamic typing within a single language. Several practical languages have adopted gradual typing to offer programmers the flexibility to annotate their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Senxi Li , Feng Dai , Tetsuro Yamazaki , Shigeru Chiba

Python's dynamic typing mechanism, while promoting flexibility, is a significant source of runtime type errors that plague large-scale software, which inspires the automatic type inference techniques. Existing type inference tools have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shuo Sun , Shixin Zhang , Jiwei Yan , Jun Yan , Jian Zhang

As gradual typing becomes increasingly popular in languages like Python and TypeScript, there is a growing need to infer type annotations automatically. While type annotations help with tasks like code completion and static error catching,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Jiayi Wei , Maruth Goyal , Greg Durrett , Isil Dillig

In light of the growing interest in type inference research for Python, both researchers and practitioners require a standardized process to assess the performance of various type inference techniques. This paper introduces TypeEvalPy, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Ashwin Prasad Shivarpatna Venkatesh , Samkutty Sabu , Jiawei Wang , Amir M. Mir , Li Li , Eric Bodden
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