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Visual counterfactual explanations are ideal hypothetical images that change the decision-making of the classifier with high confidence toward the desired class while remaining visually plausible and close to the initial image. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Tung Luu , Nam Le , Duc Le , Bac Le

In an effort to interpret black-box models, researches for developing explanation methods have proceeded in recent years. Most studies have tried to identify input pixels that are crucial to the prediction of a classifier. While this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Sin-Han Kang , Hong-Gyu Jung , Seong-Whan Lee

The imminent need to interpret the output of a Machine Learning model with counterfactual (CF) explanations - via small perturbations to the input - has been notable in the research community. Although the variety of CF examples is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kleopatra Markou , Dimitrios Tomaras , Vana Kalogeraki , Dimitrios Gunopulos

Natural language explanations of deep neural network decisions provide an intuitive way for a AI agent to articulate a reasoning process. Current textual explanations learn to discuss class discriminative features in an image. However, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Lisa Anne Hendricks , Ronghang Hu , Trevor Darrell , Zeynep Akata

Explaining the decisions of machine learning models is becoming a necessity in many areas where trust in ML models decision is key to their accreditation/adoption. The ability to explain models decisions also allows to provide diagnosis in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Pierre Blanchart

Nowadays, deep vision models are being widely deployed in safety-critical applications, e.g., autonomous driving, and explainability of such models is becoming a pressing concern. Among explanation methods, counterfactual explanations aim…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Mehdi Zemni , Mickaël Chen , Éloi Zablocki , Hédi Ben-Younes , Patrick Pérez , Matthieu Cord

By providing explanations for users and system designers to facilitate better understanding and decision making, explainable recommendation has been an important research problem. In this paper, we propose Counterfactual Explainable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Juntao Tan , Shuyuan Xu , Yingqiang Ge , Yunqi Li , Xu Chen , Yongfeng Zhang

Counterfactual explanations for black-box models aim to pr ovide insight into an algorithmic decision to its recipient. For a binary classification problem an individual counterfactual details which features might be changed for the model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 James M. Adams , Gesine Reinert , Lukasz Szpruch , Carsten Maple , Andrew Elliott

We develop a method for generating causal post-hoc explanations of black-box classifiers based on a learned low-dimensional representation of the data. The explanation is causal in the sense that changing learned latent factors produces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Matthew O'Shaughnessy , Gregory Canal , Marissa Connor , Mark Davenport , Christopher Rozell

Modern instance-based model-agnostic explanation methods (LIME, SHAP, L2X) are of great use in data-heavy industries for model diagnostics, and for end-user explanations. These methods generally return either a weighting or subset of input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Matt Chapman-Rounds , Marc-Andre Schulz , Erik Pazos , Konstantinos Georgatzis

In this work we develop a fast saliency detection method that can be applied to any differentiable image classifier. We train a masking model to manipulate the scores of the classifier by masking salient parts of the input image. Our model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-23 Piotr Dabkowski , Yarin Gal

The complexity of modern electro-mechanical systems require the development of sophisticated diagnostic methods like anomaly detection capable of detecting deviations. Conventional anomaly detection approaches like signal processing and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Abhishek Srinivasan , Varun Singapuri Ravi , Juan Carlos Andresen , Anders Holst

Reliable and interpretable decision-making is essential in medical imaging, where diagnostic outcomes directly influence patient care. Despite advances in deep learning, most medical AI systems operate as opaque black boxes, providing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Pirzada Suhail , Aditya Anand , Amit Sethi

Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging modality that can be conveniently used to classify suspicious breast nodules and potentially detect the onset of breast cancer. Recently, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) techniques have shown…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Hamza Rasaee , Hassan Rivaz

Existing algorithms for explaining the output of image classifiers use different definitions of explanations and a variety of techniques to find them. However, none of the existing tools use a principled approach based on formal definitions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Hana Chockler , David A. Kelly , Daniel Kroening , Youcheng Sun

Several explainable AI methods allow a Machine Learning user to get insights on the classification process of a black-box model in the form of local linear explanations. With such information, the user can judge which features are locally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Francesco Lomuscio , Paolo Bajardi , Alan Perotti , Elvio G. Amparore

The success of machine learning methods for computer vision tasks has driven a surge in computer assisted prediction for medicine and biology. Based on a data-driven relationship between input image and pathological classification, these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-02 Dimitrios Lenis , David Major , Maria Wimmer , Astrid Berg , Gert Sluiter , Katja Bühler

AI-enhanced personality assessments are increasingly shaping hiring decisions, using affective computing to predict traits from the Big Five (OCEAN) model. However, integrating AI into these assessments raises ethical concerns, especially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Dena F. Mujtaba , Nihar R. Mahapatra

Models driven by spurious correlations often yield poor generalization performance. We propose the counterfactual (CF) alignment method to detect and quantify spurious correlations of black box classifiers. Our methodology is based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Joseph Paul Cohen , Louis Blankemeier , Akshay Chaudhari

Concept-driven counterfactuals explain decisions of classifiers by altering the model predictions through semantic changes. In this paper, we present a novel approach that leverages cross-modal decompositionality and image-specific concepts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Alina Elena Baia , Andrea Cavallaro